Serum metabolite profiles of habitual diet: evaluation by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis

Helen M Lindqvist, Millie Rådjursöga, Daniel Malmodin, Anna Winkvist, Lars Ellegård, Helen M Lindqvist, Millie Rådjursöga, Daniel Malmodin, Anna Winkvist, Lars Ellegård

Abstract

Background: Objective and reliable methods to measure dietary exposure and prove associations and causation between diet and health are desirable.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate if 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis of serum samples may be used as an objective method to discriminate vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore diets. Specifically, the aim was to identify a metabolite pattern that separated meat-eaters from non-meat-eaters and vegans from nonvegans.

Methods: Healthy volunteers (45 men and 75 women) complying with habitual vegan (n = 43), vegetarian (n = 24 + vegetarians adding fish n = 13), or omnivore (n = 40) diets were enrolled in the study. Data were collected on clinical phenotype, body composition, lifestyle including a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a 4-d weighed food diary. Serum samples were analyzed by routine clinical test and for metabolites by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. NMR data were nonnormalized, UV-scaled, and analyzed with multivariate data analysis [principal component analysis, orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) and OPLS with discriminant analysis]. In the multivariate analysis volunteers were assigned as meat-eaters (omnivores), non-meat-eaters (vegans and vegetarians), vegans, or nonvegans (lacto-ovo-vegetarians, vegetarians adding fish, and omnivores). Metabolites were identified by line-fitting of 1D 1H-NMR spectra and the use of statistical total correlation spectroscopy.

Results: Although many metabolites differ in concentration between men and women as well as by age, body mass index, and body composition, it was possible to correctly classify 97.5% of the meat-eaters compared with non-meat-eaters and 92.5% of the vegans compared with nonvegans. The branched-chain amino acids, creatine, lysine, 2-aminobutyrate, glutamine, glycine, trimethylamine, and 1 unidentified metabolite were among the most important metabolites in the discriminating patterns in relation to intake of both meat and other animal products.

Conclusions: 1H-NMR serum metabolomics appears to be a possible objective tool to identify and predict habitual intake of meat and other animal products in healthy subjects. These results should be confirmed in larger cohort studies or intervention trials. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02039609.

Keywords: 1H-NMRs; habitual diet; meat; metabolomics; omnivore; vegan; vegetarian.

Copyright © American Society for Nutrition 2019.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram. NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Principal component analysis model (n = 120) for component 4, showing the impact of habitual diet in the model.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Orthogonal projections to latent structures model (n = 120) describing the relation between known metadata and metabolites. Included metadata are age, length, weight, BMI, FM percentage, TGs, HDL, glucose, Hb, and omnivore index. (A) The first component is shown separated by factors related to gender, i.e., driven by higher length, weight, and Hb for men and higher fat mass percentage for women. Identities for a selection of metabolites are as follows: light blue circles are citrate, brown 5-pointed stars are 3-hydroxybutyrate, pink diamonds are glutamine, green 5-pointed stars are glutamine + an unidentified metabolite, brown boxes are ornithine and tyrosine, green 4-pointed stars are glucose, dark red 5-pointed stars are unidentified lipids or free fatty acids, light blue 5-pointed stars are isoleucine, black inverted triangles are valine, and brown pentagons are leucine. (B) The third component is shown separated by factors related to health status such as fat mass percentage, TG, and glucose and on the other hand HDL. FM, fat mass; Hb, hemoglobin; TG, triglyceride.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Meat-eaters compared with non–meat-eaters in orthogonal projections to latent structures with discriminant analysis models. (A) n = 107 (40/67), colored by group; (B) n = 107 (40/67), colored by omnivore index; (C) model built on only women's data, n = 68 (24/44), colored by group; (D) men predicted in the women's model in panel C, n = 39 (16/23), colored by habitual diet. FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Vegan compared with nonvegan (omnivores, vegetarians, and vegetarians adding fish) eaters in orthogonal projections to latent structures with discriminant analysis models. (A) n = 120 (43/77), colored by group; (B) n = 120 (43/77), colored by omnivore index; (C) model built on only women's data, n = 75 (24/51), colored by group; (D) men predicted in the women's model in panel C, n = 45 (19/26), colored by habitual diet.

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Source: PubMed

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