Human muscle gene expression following resistance exercise and blood flow restriction
Micah J Drummond, Satoshi Fujita, Takashi Abe, Hans C Dreyer, Elena Volpi, Blake B Rasmussen, Micah J Drummond, Satoshi Fujita, Takashi Abe, Hans C Dreyer, Elena Volpi, Blake B Rasmussen
Abstract
Introduction: Blood flow restriction in combination with low-intensity resistance exercise (REFR) increases skeletal muscle size to a similar extent as compared with traditional high-intensity resistance exercise training. However, there are limited data describing the molecular adaptations that occur after REFR.
Purpose: To determine whether hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) and REDD1 mRNA are expressed differently in REFR compared with low-intensity resistance exercise with no blood flow restriction (CONTROL). Secondly, to determine whether low-intensity resistance exercise is able to induce changes in mRNA expression of several anabolic and catabolic genes as typically seen with high-intensity resistance exercise.
Methods: Six subjects were studied at baseline and 3 h after a bout of leg resistance exercise (20% 1RM) in REFR and CONTROL subjects. Each subject participated in both groups, with 3 wk separating each visit. Muscle biopsy samples were analyzed for mRNA expression, using qRT-PCR.
Result: Our primary finding was that there were no differences between CONTROL and REFR for any of the selected genes at 3 h after exercise (P > 0.05). However, low-intensity resistance exercise increased HIF-1alpha, p21, MyoD, and muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) mRNA expression and decreased REDD1 and myostatin mRNA expression in both groups (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Low-intensity resistance exercise can alter skeletal muscle mRNA expression of several genes associated with muscle growth and remodeling, such as REDD1, HIF-1alpha, MyoD, MuRF1, and myostatin. Further, the results from REFR and CONTROL were similar, indicating that the changes in early postexercise gene expression were attributable to the low-intensity resistance exercise bout, and not blood flow restriction.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors report no conflict of interest or endorsement by ACSM.
Figures
![Figure 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/5088719/bin/nihms489898f1.jpg)
Figure 2
Results represent A) p21 and…
Figure 2
Results represent A) p21 and B) Cyclin D1 mRNA expression between CONTROL and…
Figure 3
Results represent A) IGF-1 and…
Figure 3
Results represent A) IGF-1 and B) MGF mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
Figure 4
Results represent A) MyoD and…
Figure 4
Results represent A) MyoD and B) Myogenin mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
Figure 5
Results represent Myostatin mRNA expression…
Figure 5
Results represent Myostatin mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR at baseline and 3h…
Figure 6
Results represent A) mTOR and…
Figure 6
Results represent A) mTOR and B) S6K1 mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
Figure 7
Results represent A) MuRF1 and…
Figure 7
Results represent A) MuRF1 and B) MAFbx mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
- Effect of resistance exercise intensity on the expression of PGC-1α isoforms and the anabolic and catabolic signaling mediators, IGF-1 and myostatin, in human skeletal muscle.Schwarz NA, McKinley-Barnard SK, Spillane MB, Andre TL, Gann JJ, Willoughby DS. Schwarz NA, et al. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Aug;41(8):856-63. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0047. Epub 2016 Apr 6. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016. PMID: 27467217
- Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression.Laurentino GC, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H, Aoki MS, Soares AG, Neves M Jr, Aihara AY, Fernandes Ada R, Tricoli V. Laurentino GC, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Mar;44(3):406-12. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318233b4bc. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012. PMID: 21900845
- Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis.Fujita S, Abe T, Drummond MJ, Cadenas JG, Dreyer HC, Sato Y, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Fujita S, et al. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Sep;103(3):903-10. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2007. Epub 2007 Jun 14. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007. PMID: 17569770
- Interaction of contractile activity and training history on mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle from trained athletes.Coffey VG, Shield A, Canny BJ, Carey KA, Cameron-Smith D, Hawley JA. Coffey VG, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;290(5):E849-55. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00299.2005. Epub 2005 Dec 6. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006. PMID: 16338907 Clinical Trial.
- Exercise, amino acids, and aging in the control of human muscle protein synthesis.Walker DK, Dickinson JM, Timmerman KL, Drummond MJ, Reidy PT, Fry CS, Gundermann DM, Rasmussen BB. Walker DK, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Dec;43(12):2249-58. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318223b037. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011. PMID: 21606874 Free PMC article. Review.
- Different Resistance Exercise Loading Paradigms Similarly Affect Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Patterns of Myostatin-Related Targets and mTORC1 Signaling Markers.McIntosh MC, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Michel JM, Plotkin DL, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Smith R, Dwaraka VB, Sharples AP, Dalbo VJ, Mobley CB, Vann CG, Roberts MD. McIntosh MC, et al. Cells. 2023 Mar 15;12(6):898. doi: 10.3390/cells12060898. Cells. 2023. PMID: 36980239 Free PMC article.
- Novel Orthobiologic Preparation and Regenerative Rehabilitation of a Complex Shoulder Injury in a Competitive Adolescent Female Athlete.Escaloni J, Mazloomdoost D, Young I. Escaloni J, et al. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2023 Feb 1;18(1):240-252. doi: 10.26603/001c.68143. eCollection 2023. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2023. PMID: 36793563 Free PMC article.
- The Impacts of Combined Blood Flow Restriction Training and Betaine Supplementation on One-Leg Press Muscular Endurance, Exercise-Associated Lactate Concentrations, Serum Metabolic Biomarkers, and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Gene Expression.Machek SB, Harris DR, Zawieja EE, Heileson JL, Wilburn DT, Radziejewska A, Chmurzynska A, Cholewa JM, Willoughby DS. Machek SB, et al. Nutrients. 2022 Nov 27;14(23):5040. doi: 10.3390/nu14235040. Nutrients. 2022. PMID: 36501070 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Blood Flow Restriction Training for the Intervention of Sarcopenia: Current Stage and Future Perspective.Zhang XZ, Xie WQ, Chen L, Xu GD, Wu L, Li YS, Wu YX. Zhang XZ, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Jun 13;9:894996. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.894996. eCollection 2022. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022. PMID: 35770017 Free PMC article. Review.
- Acute and Chronic Bone Marker and Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise With and Without Blood Flow Restriction in Young Men.Bemben DA, Sherk VD, Buchanan SR, Kim S, Sherk K, Bemben MG. Bemben DA, et al. Front Physiol. 2022 Mar 17;13:837631. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837631. eCollection 2022. Front Physiol. 2022. PMID: 35370772 Free PMC article.
- Comparative Study
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Adaptation, Physiological*
- Adult
- Case-Control Studies
- Cross-Over Studies
- Gene Expression*
- Humans
- Isometric Contraction / physiology*
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal / blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal / physiology*
- Myostatin
- Prospective Studies
- Protein Kinases
- RNA, Messenger / genetics
- Reperfusion
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Weight Lifting / physiology*
- MSTN protein, human
- Myostatin
- RNA, Messenger
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Protein Kinases
- MTOR protein, human
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
- Miscellaneous
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
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Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/5088719/bin/nihms489898f2.jpg)
Figure 3
Results represent A) IGF-1 and…
Figure 3
Results represent A) IGF-1 and B) MGF mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
Figure 4
Results represent A) MyoD and…
Figure 4
Results represent A) MyoD and B) Myogenin mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
Figure 5
Results represent Myostatin mRNA expression…
Figure 5
Results represent Myostatin mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR at baseline and 3h…
Figure 6
Results represent A) mTOR and…
Figure 6
Results represent A) mTOR and B) S6K1 mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
Figure 7
Results represent A) MuRF1 and…
Figure 7
Results represent A) MuRF1 and B) MAFbx mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
- Effect of resistance exercise intensity on the expression of PGC-1α isoforms and the anabolic and catabolic signaling mediators, IGF-1 and myostatin, in human skeletal muscle.Schwarz NA, McKinley-Barnard SK, Spillane MB, Andre TL, Gann JJ, Willoughby DS. Schwarz NA, et al. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Aug;41(8):856-63. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0047. Epub 2016 Apr 6. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016. PMID: 27467217
- Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression.Laurentino GC, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H, Aoki MS, Soares AG, Neves M Jr, Aihara AY, Fernandes Ada R, Tricoli V. Laurentino GC, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Mar;44(3):406-12. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318233b4bc. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012. PMID: 21900845
- Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis.Fujita S, Abe T, Drummond MJ, Cadenas JG, Dreyer HC, Sato Y, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Fujita S, et al. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Sep;103(3):903-10. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2007. Epub 2007 Jun 14. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007. PMID: 17569770
- Interaction of contractile activity and training history on mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle from trained athletes.Coffey VG, Shield A, Canny BJ, Carey KA, Cameron-Smith D, Hawley JA. Coffey VG, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;290(5):E849-55. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00299.2005. Epub 2005 Dec 6. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006. PMID: 16338907 Clinical Trial.
- Exercise, amino acids, and aging in the control of human muscle protein synthesis.Walker DK, Dickinson JM, Timmerman KL, Drummond MJ, Reidy PT, Fry CS, Gundermann DM, Rasmussen BB. Walker DK, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Dec;43(12):2249-58. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318223b037. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011. PMID: 21606874 Free PMC article. Review.
- Different Resistance Exercise Loading Paradigms Similarly Affect Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Patterns of Myostatin-Related Targets and mTORC1 Signaling Markers.McIntosh MC, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Michel JM, Plotkin DL, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Smith R, Dwaraka VB, Sharples AP, Dalbo VJ, Mobley CB, Vann CG, Roberts MD. McIntosh MC, et al. Cells. 2023 Mar 15;12(6):898. doi: 10.3390/cells12060898. Cells. 2023. PMID: 36980239 Free PMC article.
- Novel Orthobiologic Preparation and Regenerative Rehabilitation of a Complex Shoulder Injury in a Competitive Adolescent Female Athlete.Escaloni J, Mazloomdoost D, Young I. Escaloni J, et al. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2023 Feb 1;18(1):240-252. doi: 10.26603/001c.68143. eCollection 2023. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2023. PMID: 36793563 Free PMC article.
- The Impacts of Combined Blood Flow Restriction Training and Betaine Supplementation on One-Leg Press Muscular Endurance, Exercise-Associated Lactate Concentrations, Serum Metabolic Biomarkers, and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Gene Expression.Machek SB, Harris DR, Zawieja EE, Heileson JL, Wilburn DT, Radziejewska A, Chmurzynska A, Cholewa JM, Willoughby DS. Machek SB, et al. Nutrients. 2022 Nov 27;14(23):5040. doi: 10.3390/nu14235040. Nutrients. 2022. PMID: 36501070 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Blood Flow Restriction Training for the Intervention of Sarcopenia: Current Stage and Future Perspective.Zhang XZ, Xie WQ, Chen L, Xu GD, Wu L, Li YS, Wu YX. Zhang XZ, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Jun 13;9:894996. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.894996. eCollection 2022. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022. PMID: 35770017 Free PMC article. Review.
- Acute and Chronic Bone Marker and Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise With and Without Blood Flow Restriction in Young Men.Bemben DA, Sherk VD, Buchanan SR, Kim S, Sherk K, Bemben MG. Bemben DA, et al. Front Physiol. 2022 Mar 17;13:837631. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837631. eCollection 2022. Front Physiol. 2022. PMID: 35370772 Free PMC article.
- Comparative Study
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Adaptation, Physiological*
- Adult
- Case-Control Studies
- Cross-Over Studies
- Gene Expression*
- Humans
- Isometric Contraction / physiology*
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal / blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal / physiology*
- Myostatin
- Prospective Studies
- Protein Kinases
- RNA, Messenger / genetics
- Reperfusion
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Weight Lifting / physiology*
- MSTN protein, human
- Myostatin
- RNA, Messenger
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Protein Kinases
- MTOR protein, human
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
- Miscellaneous
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/5088719/bin/nihms489898f3.jpg)
![Figure 4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/5088719/bin/nihms489898f4.jpg)
Figure 5
Results represent Myostatin mRNA expression…
Figure 5
Results represent Myostatin mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR at baseline and 3h…
Figure 6
Results represent A) mTOR and…
Figure 6
Results represent A) mTOR and B) S6K1 mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
Figure 7
Results represent A) MuRF1 and…
Figure 7
Results represent A) MuRF1 and B) MAFbx mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
- Effect of resistance exercise intensity on the expression of PGC-1α isoforms and the anabolic and catabolic signaling mediators, IGF-1 and myostatin, in human skeletal muscle.Schwarz NA, McKinley-Barnard SK, Spillane MB, Andre TL, Gann JJ, Willoughby DS. Schwarz NA, et al. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Aug;41(8):856-63. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0047. Epub 2016 Apr 6. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016. PMID: 27467217
- Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression.Laurentino GC, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H, Aoki MS, Soares AG, Neves M Jr, Aihara AY, Fernandes Ada R, Tricoli V. Laurentino GC, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Mar;44(3):406-12. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318233b4bc. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012. PMID: 21900845
- Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis.Fujita S, Abe T, Drummond MJ, Cadenas JG, Dreyer HC, Sato Y, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Fujita S, et al. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Sep;103(3):903-10. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2007. Epub 2007 Jun 14. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007. PMID: 17569770
- Interaction of contractile activity and training history on mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle from trained athletes.Coffey VG, Shield A, Canny BJ, Carey KA, Cameron-Smith D, Hawley JA. Coffey VG, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;290(5):E849-55. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00299.2005. Epub 2005 Dec 6. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006. PMID: 16338907 Clinical Trial.
- Exercise, amino acids, and aging in the control of human muscle protein synthesis.Walker DK, Dickinson JM, Timmerman KL, Drummond MJ, Reidy PT, Fry CS, Gundermann DM, Rasmussen BB. Walker DK, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Dec;43(12):2249-58. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318223b037. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011. PMID: 21606874 Free PMC article. Review.
- Different Resistance Exercise Loading Paradigms Similarly Affect Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Patterns of Myostatin-Related Targets and mTORC1 Signaling Markers.McIntosh MC, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Michel JM, Plotkin DL, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Smith R, Dwaraka VB, Sharples AP, Dalbo VJ, Mobley CB, Vann CG, Roberts MD. McIntosh MC, et al. Cells. 2023 Mar 15;12(6):898. doi: 10.3390/cells12060898. Cells. 2023. PMID: 36980239 Free PMC article.
- Novel Orthobiologic Preparation and Regenerative Rehabilitation of a Complex Shoulder Injury in a Competitive Adolescent Female Athlete.Escaloni J, Mazloomdoost D, Young I. Escaloni J, et al. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2023 Feb 1;18(1):240-252. doi: 10.26603/001c.68143. eCollection 2023. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2023. PMID: 36793563 Free PMC article.
- The Impacts of Combined Blood Flow Restriction Training and Betaine Supplementation on One-Leg Press Muscular Endurance, Exercise-Associated Lactate Concentrations, Serum Metabolic Biomarkers, and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Gene Expression.Machek SB, Harris DR, Zawieja EE, Heileson JL, Wilburn DT, Radziejewska A, Chmurzynska A, Cholewa JM, Willoughby DS. Machek SB, et al. Nutrients. 2022 Nov 27;14(23):5040. doi: 10.3390/nu14235040. Nutrients. 2022. PMID: 36501070 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Blood Flow Restriction Training for the Intervention of Sarcopenia: Current Stage and Future Perspective.Zhang XZ, Xie WQ, Chen L, Xu GD, Wu L, Li YS, Wu YX. Zhang XZ, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Jun 13;9:894996. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.894996. eCollection 2022. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022. PMID: 35770017 Free PMC article. Review.
- Acute and Chronic Bone Marker and Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise With and Without Blood Flow Restriction in Young Men.Bemben DA, Sherk VD, Buchanan SR, Kim S, Sherk K, Bemben MG. Bemben DA, et al. Front Physiol. 2022 Mar 17;13:837631. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837631. eCollection 2022. Front Physiol. 2022. PMID: 35370772 Free PMC article.
- Comparative Study
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Adaptation, Physiological*
- Adult
- Case-Control Studies
- Cross-Over Studies
- Gene Expression*
- Humans
- Isometric Contraction / physiology*
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal / blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal / physiology*
- Myostatin
- Prospective Studies
- Protein Kinases
- RNA, Messenger / genetics
- Reperfusion
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Weight Lifting / physiology*
- MSTN protein, human
- Myostatin
- RNA, Messenger
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Protein Kinases
- MTOR protein, human
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
- Miscellaneous
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 5](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/5088719/bin/nihms489898f5.jpg)
Figure 6
Results represent A) mTOR and…
Figure 6
Results represent A) mTOR and B) S6K1 mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
Figure 7
Results represent A) MuRF1 and…
Figure 7
Results represent A) MuRF1 and B) MAFbx mRNA expression between CONTROL and REFR…
- Effect of resistance exercise intensity on the expression of PGC-1α isoforms and the anabolic and catabolic signaling mediators, IGF-1 and myostatin, in human skeletal muscle.Schwarz NA, McKinley-Barnard SK, Spillane MB, Andre TL, Gann JJ, Willoughby DS. Schwarz NA, et al. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Aug;41(8):856-63. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0047. Epub 2016 Apr 6. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016. PMID: 27467217
- Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression.Laurentino GC, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H, Aoki MS, Soares AG, Neves M Jr, Aihara AY, Fernandes Ada R, Tricoli V. Laurentino GC, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Mar;44(3):406-12. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318233b4bc. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012. PMID: 21900845
- Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis.Fujita S, Abe T, Drummond MJ, Cadenas JG, Dreyer HC, Sato Y, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Fujita S, et al. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Sep;103(3):903-10. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2007. Epub 2007 Jun 14. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007. PMID: 17569770
- Interaction of contractile activity and training history on mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle from trained athletes.Coffey VG, Shield A, Canny BJ, Carey KA, Cameron-Smith D, Hawley JA. Coffey VG, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;290(5):E849-55. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00299.2005. Epub 2005 Dec 6. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006. PMID: 16338907 Clinical Trial.
- Exercise, amino acids, and aging in the control of human muscle protein synthesis.Walker DK, Dickinson JM, Timmerman KL, Drummond MJ, Reidy PT, Fry CS, Gundermann DM, Rasmussen BB. Walker DK, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Dec;43(12):2249-58. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318223b037. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011. PMID: 21606874 Free PMC article. Review.
- Different Resistance Exercise Loading Paradigms Similarly Affect Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Patterns of Myostatin-Related Targets and mTORC1 Signaling Markers.McIntosh MC, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, Ruple BA, Michel JM, Plotkin DL, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Smith R, Dwaraka VB, Sharples AP, Dalbo VJ, Mobley CB, Vann CG, Roberts MD. McIntosh MC, et al. Cells. 2023 Mar 15;12(6):898. doi: 10.3390/cells12060898. Cells. 2023. PMID: 36980239 Free PMC article.
- Novel Orthobiologic Preparation and Regenerative Rehabilitation of a Complex Shoulder Injury in a Competitive Adolescent Female Athlete.Escaloni J, Mazloomdoost D, Young I. Escaloni J, et al. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2023 Feb 1;18(1):240-252. doi: 10.26603/001c.68143. eCollection 2023. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2023. PMID: 36793563 Free PMC article.
- The Impacts of Combined Blood Flow Restriction Training and Betaine Supplementation on One-Leg Press Muscular Endurance, Exercise-Associated Lactate Concentrations, Serum Metabolic Biomarkers, and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Gene Expression.Machek SB, Harris DR, Zawieja EE, Heileson JL, Wilburn DT, Radziejewska A, Chmurzynska A, Cholewa JM, Willoughby DS. Machek SB, et al. Nutrients. 2022 Nov 27;14(23):5040. doi: 10.3390/nu14235040. Nutrients. 2022. PMID: 36501070 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Blood Flow Restriction Training for the Intervention of Sarcopenia: Current Stage and Future Perspective.Zhang XZ, Xie WQ, Chen L, Xu GD, Wu L, Li YS, Wu YX. Zhang XZ, et al. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Jun 13;9:894996. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.894996. eCollection 2022. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022. PMID: 35770017 Free PMC article. Review.
- Acute and Chronic Bone Marker and Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise With and Without Blood Flow Restriction in Young Men.Bemben DA, Sherk VD, Buchanan SR, Kim S, Sherk K, Bemben MG. Bemben DA, et al. Front Physiol. 2022 Mar 17;13:837631. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837631. eCollection 2022. Front Physiol. 2022. PMID: 35370772 Free PMC article.
- Comparative Study
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Adaptation, Physiological*
- Adult
- Case-Control Studies
- Cross-Over Studies
- Gene Expression*
- Humans
- Isometric Contraction / physiology*
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal / blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal / physiology*
- Myostatin
- Prospective Studies
- Protein Kinases
- RNA, Messenger / genetics
- Reperfusion
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Weight Lifting / physiology*
- MSTN protein, human
- Myostatin
- RNA, Messenger
- Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Protein Kinases
- MTOR protein, human
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
- Miscellaneous
![Figure 6](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/5088719/bin/nihms489898f6.jpg)
![Figure 7](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/5088719/bin/nihms489898f7.jpg)
Source: PubMed