Circulating CD103+ γδ and CD8+ T cells are clonally shared with tissue-resident intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease
Louise F Risnes, Linn M Eggesbø, Stephanie Zühlke, Shiva Dahal-Koirala, Ralf S Neumann, Knut E A Lundin, Asbjørn Christophersen, Ludvig M Sollid, Louise F Risnes, Linn M Eggesbø, Stephanie Zühlke, Shiva Dahal-Koirala, Ralf S Neumann, Knut E A Lundin, Asbjørn Christophersen, Ludvig M Sollid
Abstract
Gut intraepithelial γδ and CD8+ αβ T lymphocytes have been connected to celiac disease (CeD) pathogenesis. Based on the previous observation that activated (CD38+), gut-homing (CD103+) γδ and CD8+ αβ T cells increase in blood upon oral gluten challenge, we wanted to shed light on the pathogenic involvement of these T cells by examining the clonal relationship between cells of blood and gut during gluten exposure. Of 20 gluten-challenged CeD patients, 8 and 10 had increase in (CD38+CD103+) γδ and CD8+ αβ T cells, respectively, while 16 had increase in gluten-specific CD4+ T cells. We obtained γδ and αβ TCR sequences of >2500 single cells from blood and gut of 5 patients, before and during challenge. We observed extensive sharing between blood and gut γδ and CD8+ αβ T-cell clonotypes even prior to gluten challenge. In subjects with challenge-induced surge of γδ and/or CD8+ αβ T cells, as larger populations of cells analyzed, we observed more expanded clonotypes and clonal sharing, yet no discernible TCR similarities between expanded and/or shared clonotypes. Thus, CD4+ T cells appear to drive expansion of clonally diverse γδ or CD8+ αβ T-cell clonotypes that may not be specific for the gluten antigen.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00246415.
References
- Lebwohl, B., Sanders, D. S. & Green, P. H. R. Coeliac disease. Lancet 391, 70–81 (2018).
- Sollid, L. M. Molecular basis of celiac disease. Annu Rev. Immunol. 18, 53–81 (2000).
- Bodd, M. et al. Direct cloning and tetramer staining to measure the frequency of intestinal gluten-reactive T cells in celiac disease. Eur. J. Immunol. 43, 2605–2612 (2013).
- Risnes, L. F. et al. Disease-driving CD4+ T cell clonotypes persist for decades in celiac disease. J. Clin. Invest 128, 2642–2650 (2018).
- Lundin, K. E. et al. Gliadin-specific, HLA-DQ(α1*0501,β1*0201) restricted T cells isolated from the small intestinal mucosa of celiac disease patients. J. Exp. Med. 178, 187–196 (1993).
- Christophersen, A. et al. Tetramer-visualized gluten-specific CD4+ T cells in blood as a potential diagnostic marker for coeliac disease without oral gluten challenge. U. Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 2, 268–278 (2014).
- Raki, M. et al. Tetramer visualization of gut-homing gluten-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of celiac disease patients. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 2831–2836 (2007).
- Zuhlke, S. et al. CD38 expression on gluten-specific T cells is a robust marker of gluten re-exposure in coeliac disease. U. Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 7, 1337–1344 (2019).
- Anderson, R. P., Degano, P., Godkin, A. J., Jewell, D. P. & Hill, A. V. In vivo antigen challenge in celiac disease identifies a single transglutaminase-modified peptide as the dominant A-gliadin T-cell epitope. Nat. Med. 6, 337–342 (2000).
- Han, A. et al. Dietary gluten triggers concomitant activation of CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells and γδ T cells in celiac disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 13073–13078 (2013).
- Mazzarella, G. et al. Gliadin activates HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T cells in celiac disease intestinal mucosa and induces the enterocyte apoptosis. Gastroenterology 134, 1017–1027 (2008).
- Picascia, S. et al. Gliadin-specific CD8+ T cell responses restricted by HLA Class I A*0101 and B*0801 molecules in celiac disease patients. J. Immunol. 198, 1838–1845 (2017).
- Meresse, B. et al. Coordinated induction by IL15 of a TCR-independent NKG2D signaling pathway converts CTL into lymphokine-activated killer cells in celiac disease. Immunity 21, 357–366 (2004).
- Hüe, S. et al. A direct role for NKG2D/MICA interaction in villous atrophy during celiac disease. Immunity 21, 367–377 (2004).
- Meresse, B. et al. Reprogramming of CTLs into natural killer-like cells in celiac disease. J. Exp. Med. 203, 1343–1355 (2006).
- Sarna, V. K. et al. HLA-DQ:gluten tetramer test in blood gives better detection of coeliac patients than biopsy after 14-day gluten challenge. Gut 67, 1606–1613 (2018).
- Eggesbo, L. M. et al. Single-cell TCR sequencing of gut intraepithelial γδ T cells reveals a vast and diverse repertoire in celiac disease. Mucosal Immunol. 13, 313–321 (2020).
- Jabri, B. et al. TCR specificity dictates CD94/NKG2A expression by human CTL. Immunity 17, 487–499 (2002).
- Mayassi, T. et al. Chronic inflammation permanently reshapes tissue-resident immunity in celiac disease. Cell 176, 967–981.e919 (2019).
- Lopez-Palacios, N. et al. Evaluation of T cells in blood after a short gluten challenge for coeliac disease diagnosis. Dig. Liver Dis. 50, 1183–1188 (2018).
- Sollid, L. M. & Thorsby, E. HLA susceptibility genes in celiac disease: genetic mapping and role in pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 105, 910–922 (1993).
- Bhagat, G. et al. Small intestinal CD8+TCRγδ+NKG2A+ intraepithelial lymphocytes have attributes of regulatory cells in patients with celiac disease. J. Clin. Invest 118, 281–293 (2008).
- Jarry, A., Cerf-Bensussan, N., Brousse, N., Selz, F. & Guy-Grand, D. Subsets of CD3+ (T cell receptor α/β or γ/δ) and CD3− lymphocytes isolated from normal human gut epithelium display phenotypical features different from their counterparts in peripheral blood. Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 1097–1103 (1990).
- Balk, S. P. et al. Oligoclonal expansion and CD1 recognition by human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Science 253, 1411–1415 (1991).
- Kerckhove, C. Van et al. Oligoclonality of human intestinal intraepithelial T cells. J. Exp. Med. 175, 57–63 (1992).
- Fonseca, R. et al. Developmental plasticity allows outside-in immune responses by resident memory T cells. Nat. Immunol. 21, 412–421 (2020).
- Vander, J. A. et al. pRESTO: a toolkit for processing high-throughput sequencing raw reads of lymphocyte receptor repertoires. Bioinformatics 30, 1930–1932 (2014).
Source: PubMed