Malaria in HIV-Infected Children Receiving HIV Protease-Inhibitor- Compared with Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Based Antiretroviral Therapy, IMPAACT P1068s, Substudy to P1060

Abstract

Background: HIV and malaria geographically overlap. HIV protease inhibitors kill malaria parasites in vitro and in vivo, but further evaluation in clinical studies is needed.

Methods: Thirty-one children from Malawi aged 4-62 months were followed every 3 months and at intercurrent illness visits for ≤47 months (September 2009-December 2011). We compared malaria parasite carriage by blood smear microscopy (BS) and confirmed clinical malaria incidence (CCM, or positive BS with malaria symptoms) in children initiated on HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) with zidovudine, lamivudine, and either nevirapine (NVP), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, or lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV-rtv), a protease inhibitor.

Results: We found an association between increased time to recurrent positive BS, but not CCM, when anti-malarial treatment and LPV-rtv based ART were used concurrently and when accounting for a LPV-rtv and antimalarial treatment interaction (adjusted HR 0.39; 95% CI (0.17,0.89); p = 0.03).

Conclusions: LPV-rtv in combination with malaria treatment was associated with lower risk of recurrent positive BS, but not CCM, in HIV-infected children. Larger, randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings which may permit ART optimization for malaria-endemic settings.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00719602.

Conflict of interest statement

None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Fig 1. Graphic representation of patients enrolled in our substudy, P1068s, by sample date.

Lopinavir-ritonavir based antiretroviral therapy (LPV-rtv ART) or NNRTI nevirapine-based ART (NVP ART) treatment regimen and outcomes of Positive Blood Smear (BS) and Confirmed Clinical Malaria (CCM) or are sorted youngest to oldest enrollment age on the x-axis. Asterisks (*) indicate subjects whose regimens went from NVP to LPV-rtv ART on study due to virologic failure as dictated by the parent study, P1060.