Work factors facilitating working beyond state pension age: Prospective cohort study with register follow-up

Lars L Andersen, Sannie V Thorsen, Mona Larsen, Emil Sundstrup, Cécile Rl Boot, Reiner Rugulies, Lars L Andersen, Sannie V Thorsen, Mona Larsen, Emil Sundstrup, Cécile Rl Boot, Reiner Rugulies

Abstract

Objectives The demographic changes in Europe underline the need for an extension of working lives. This study investigates the importance of physical work demands and psychosocial work factors for working beyond the state pension age (65 years). Methods We combined data from three cohorts of the general working population in Denmark (DWECS 2005 and 2010, and DANES 2008), where actively employed workers aged 55-59 years replied to questionnaires about work environment and were followed until the age of 66 years in the Danish AMRun register of paid employment. Using logistic regression analyses, we calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between physical and psychosocial work factors and working beyond state pension age, adjusted for age, sex, cohort, cohabiting, sector, income, vocational education, working hours, lifestyle, and previous sickness absence. Results Of the 2884 workers aged 55-59 years, 1023 (35.5%) worked beyond the state pension age. Higher physical work demands was associated with a lower likelihood (PR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58-0.82) and a good psychosocial work environment was associated with higher likelihood (average of 7 items: PR 1.81, 95% CI 1.49-2.20) of working beyond state pension age. Stratified analyses did not change the overall pattern, ie, a good overall psychosocial work environment - as well as several specific psychosocial factors - increased the likelihood of working beyond state pension age, both for those with physically active and seated work. Conclusion While high physical work demands was a barrier, a good psychosocial work environment seems to facilitate working beyond state pension age, also for those with physically active work.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

    1. Larsen M, Pedersen PJ. To work, to retire –or both? Labor market activity after 60. IZA J Eur Labor Studies. 2013 Dec;2(1):21. .
    1. OECD. Ageing and Employment Policies - Statistics on average effective age of retirement [Internet] 2017. [cited 2019 Sep 24]. Available from: .
    1. Nolan A, Barrett A. Working Beyond age 65 in Ireland. Population Ageing. 2019 Sep;(3):299–326. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12062-019-09249-3.
    1. Dingemans E, Henkens K. Job strain in working retirees in Europe:a latent class analysis. Ageing Soc. 2019 May;:1–21. .
    1. Finnish Centre for Pensions. Retirement Ages [Internet]. ETK. 2019. [cited 2020 Feb 24]. Available from:
    1. Eurostat Database - Eurostat [Internet] 2020. [cited 2020 Mar 23]. Available from: .
    1. Larsen M, Pedersen PJ. Labour force activity after 65:what explain recent trends in Denmark Germany and Sweden? J Labour Mark Res. 2017;50(1):15–27. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12651-017-0223-7.
    1. Publications Office of the European Union. The 2018 pension adequacy report : current and future income adequacy in old age in the EU. Volume I. [Internet] 2018. [cited 2020 Mar 23]. Available from: .
    1. Andersen TM. Robustness of the Danish Pension System. ForumCESifo DICE Report. 2015;2:25–30.
    1. Wahrendorf M, Akinwale B, Landy R, Matthews K, Blane D. Who in Europe Works beyond the State Pension Age and under which Conditions? Results from SHARE. J Popul Ageing. 2017;10(3):269–85. 016-9160-4.
    1. Anxo D, Ericson T, Herbert A. Beyond retirement:who stays at work after the standard age of retirement? Int J Manpow. 2019 Jan;40(5):917–38. IJM-09-2017-0243.
    1. Carlstedt AB, Brushammar G, Bjursell C, Nystedt P, Nilsson G. A scoping review of the incentives for a prolonged work life after pensionable age and the importance of “bridge employment”. Work. 2018;60(2):175–89. https://doi. org/10.3233/WOR-182728.
    1. Virtanen M, Oksanen T, Batty GD, Ala-Mursula L, Salo P, Elovainio M, et al. Extending employment beyond the pensionable age:a cohort study of the influence of chronic diseases, health risk factors and working conditions. PLoS One. 2014 Feb;9(2):e88695. . pone.0088695.
    1. Virtanen M, Oksanen T, Pentti J, Ervasti J, Head J, Stenholm S, et al. Occupational class and working beyond the retirement age: a cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2017 Sep 1;43(5):426–35. .
    1. Thorsen SV, Jensen PH, Bjørner JB. Psychosocial work environment and retirement age:a prospective study of 1876 senior employees. jInt Arch Occup Environ Health. 2016 Aug;89(6):891–900. .
    1. Feveile H, Burr H, Bach E. Danish Work Environment Cohort Study 2005:From idea to sampling design. Statistics in Transition. 2007 Dec 1;8(3):403–4.
    1. Andersen LL, Garde AH. Sleep problems and computer use during work and leisure:cross-sectional study among 7800 adults. Chronobiol Int. 2015;32(10):1367–72. /10.3109/07420528.2015.1095202.
    1. Andersen LL, Fishwick D, Robinson E, Wiezer NM, Mockałło Z, Grosjean V. Job satisfaction is more than a fruit basket health checks and free exercise:cross-sectional study among 10,000 wage earners. Scand J Public Health. 2017 Jul;45(5):476–84. .
    1. Pejtersen JH, Kristensen TS, Borg V, Bjorner JB. The second version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire. Scand J Public Health. 2010 Feb;38(3 Suppl):8–24. https:// .
    1. Thorsen SV, Bjorner JB. Reliability of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire. Scand J Public Health. 2010 Feb;38(3 Suppl):25–32. .
    1. Statistics Denmark Arbejdsmarkedsregnskab [Internet] 2019. [cited 2020 Jan 3]. Available from: .
    1. Deddens JA, Petersen MR. Approaches for estimating prevalence ratios. Occup Environ Med. 2008 Jul;65(7):481. .
    1. Sewdas R, van der Beek AJ, Boot CRL, D'Angelo S, Syddall HE, Palmer KT, et al. Poor health physical workload and occupational social class as determinants of health-related job loss: results from a prospective cohort study in the UK. BMJ Open. 2019;11(9(7)):e026423.
    1. Andersen LL, Villadsen E, Clausen T. Influence of physical and psychosocial working conditions for the risk of disability pension among healthy female eldercare workers: prospective cohort. Scand J Public Health. 2019 Feb;:1403494819831821. .
    1. Sundstrup E, Hansen ÅM, Mortensen EL, Poulsen OM, Clausen T, Rugulies R, et al. Retrospectively assessed physical work environment during working life and risk of sickness absence and labour market exit among older workers. Occup Environ Med. 2018 Feb;75(2):114–23. .
    1. van der Beek AJ, Kunst AE. How can we break the vicious circle between poor health and exit from paid employment? Scand J Work Environ Health. 2019 Jul 1;45(4):321–23. .
    1. Andersen LL, Thorsen SV, Flyvholm M-A, Holtermann A. Long-term sickness absence from combined factors related to physical work demands:prospective cohort study. Eur J Public Health. 2018 Oct 1;28(5):824–29. eurpub/cky073.
    1. Andersen LL, Jensen PH, Sundstrup E. Barriers and opportunities for prolonging working life across different occupational groups: the SeniorWorkingLife study. Eur J Public Health. 2020 Apr;30(2):241–6.
    1. de Wind A, van der Pas S, Blatter BM, van der Beek AJ. A life course perspective on working beyond retirement-results from a longitudinal study in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jun;16(1):499. s12889-016-3174-y.
    1. van der Zwaan GL, Oude Hengel KM, Sewdas R, de Wind A, Steenbeek R, van der Beek AJ, et al. The role of personal characteristics, work environment and context in working beyond retirement:a mixed-methods study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019 May;92(4):535–49. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00420-018-1387-3.
    1. Scharn M, van der Beek AJ, Huisman M, de Wind A, Lindeboom M, Elbers CT, et al. Predicting working beyond retirement in the Netherlands:an interdisciplinary approach involving occupational epidemiology and economics. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2017 Jul 1;43(4):326–36. .

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren