Trends and characteristics of oral and maxillofacial injuries in Nigeria: a review of the literature

Wasiu Lanre Adeyemo, Akinola Ladipo Ladeinde, Mobolanle Olugbemiga Ogunlewe, Olutayo James, Wasiu Lanre Adeyemo, Akinola Ladipo Ladeinde, Mobolanle Olugbemiga Ogunlewe, Olutayo James

Abstract

Background: The etiology of maxillofacial injuries varies from one country to another and even within the same country depending on the prevailing socioeconomic, cultural and environmental factors. Periodic verification of the etiology of maxillofacial injuries helps to recommend ways in which maxillofacial injuries can be averted. The aim of the present study is therefore to analyse the characteristics and trends of maxillofacial injuries in Nigeria based on a systematic review of the literature.

Methods: A literature search using MEDLINE was conducted for publications on maxillofacial injuries in Nigeria. The relevant references in these publications were manually searched for additional non-Medline articles or abstracts. Forty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and the full-texts of these articles were thoroughly examined. Due to lack of uniformity and consistency in assessment and measurement variables, and treatment modalities in most of the studies, it was impossible to apply the traditional methods of a systematic review. Therefore, a narrative approach was conducted to report the findings of the included studies.

Results: Although, other causes like assaults, sport injuries, and industrial accidents increased in numbers, throughout the period between 1965 and 2003, road traffic crashes remained the major etiological factor of maxillofacial injuries in all regions, except northeastern region where assault was the major cause. A significant increase in motorcycles related maxillofacial injuries was observed in most urban and suburban centres of the country. Animal attacks were not an unusual cause of maxillofacial injuries in most parts of northern Nigeria. Patients in the age group of 21-30 years were mostly involved. A strong tendency toward an equal male-to-female ratio was observed between earlier and later periods.

Conclusion: Road traffic crashes remain the major cause of maxillofacial injuries in Nigeria, unlike in most developed countries where assaults/interpersonal violence has replaced road traffic crashes as the major cause of the injuries. There is a need to reinforce legislation aimed to prevent road traffic crashes and the total enforcement of existing laws to reduce maxillofacial injuries among children and adults. Special attention should also be paid by the authority to improve the socioeconomic conditions of Nigerian populace.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of Nigeria (source: CIA's The World Factbook). Ife (not shown) lies in the north east of Ibadan below Oshogbo.

References

    1. Ugboko VI, Odusanya SA, Fagade OO. Maxillofacial fractures in a semi- urban Nigerian teaching hospital. A review of 442 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;27:286–289.
    1. Kihlbert JK. Head injury in automobile accidents. Automobile Injury Research Report. 1965. No VJ-1823-R17.
    1. Nahum AM, Siegel AW, Brooks S. Proc 14th STAPP Car Conference. New York: Society of Automobile Engineers; 1970. The reduction of collision injuries. Past, present and future; pp. 1–43.
    1. Olasoji HO, Tahir A, Arotiba GT. Changing picture of facial fractures in northern Nigeria. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;40:140–143. doi: 10.1054/bjom.2001.0716.
    1. Khan AA. A retrospective study of injuries to the maxillofacial skeleton in Harare, Zimbabwe. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1988;26:435–439. doi: 10.1016/0266-4356(88)90098-8.
    1. Magennis P, Shepherd J, Hutchison I, Brown A. Trends in facial injuries: increasing violence more than compensate for decreasing road trauma. BMJ. 1998;316:325–332.
    1. Van Hoof RF, Mrérlex CA, Stekelenberg EC. The different pattens of fractures of the facial skeleton in four european countries. Int J Oral Surg. 1977;6:3–11.
    1. Afzeilus LE, Rosen C. Facial fractures: A review of 368 cases. Int J Oral Surg. 1980;9:25–33.
    1. Brown RD, Cowpe JG. Patterns of maxillofacial trauma in two different cultures. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1985;30:299–302.
    1. King RE, Scianna JM, Petruzzelli GJ. Mandible fracture patterns: a suburban trauma center experience. Am J Otolaryngol. 2004;25:301–307. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2004.03.001.
    1. Laski R, Ziccardi VB, Broder HL, Janal M. Facial trauma: a recurrent disease? The potential role of disease prevention. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:685–688. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2003.12.008.
    1. Ansari MH. Maxillofacial fractures in Hamedan province, Iran: a retrospective study (1987–2001) J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2004;32:28–34.
    1. Al Ahmed HE, Jaber MA, Abu Fana SH, Karas M. The pattern of maxillofacial fractures in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates: a review of 230 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98:166–170. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.01.020.
    1. Erol B, Tanrikulu R, Gorgun B. Maxillofacial fractures: Analysis of demographic distribution and treatment in 2901 pateints (25-year expereience) J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2004;32:308–313.
    1. Oji C. Maxillofacial injuries. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97:866–868.
    1. Oji C. Jaw fractures in Enugu, Nigeria, 1985–1995. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;37:106–109. doi: 10.1054/bjom.1997.0083.
    1. Nwoku AL, Oluyadi BA. Retrospective analysis of 1206 maxillofacial fractures in an urban Saudi hospital: 8 year review. Pakistan Oral Dent J. 2004;24:13–16.
    1. Fasola AO, Nyako EA, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. Trends in the Characteristics of Maxillofacial Fractures in Nigeria. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:1140–1143. doi: 10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00671-2.
    1. Fasola AO, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. An audit of midfacial fractures in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2001;30:183–186.
    1. Telfer MR, Jones GM, Shepherd JP. Trends in the aetiology of maxillofacial fracture in the United Kingdom (1977–1987) Br J Oral Maxillofacial Surg. 1991;29:250–255.
    1. Ajagbe HA, Daramola JO, Oluwasanmi JO. Civilian-type facial injuries- A retrospective study of cases seen at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Nigerian Med J. 1977;7:432–436.
    1. Abiose BO. Maxillofacial skeleton injuries in the Western states of Nigeria. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986;24:31–39. doi: 10.1016/0266-4356(86)90037-9.
    1. Nyako AE. Review of facial fractures at the University College Hospital Ibadan (1978–1982) Thesis, West African Postgraduate Medical College, Lagos, Nigeria; 1985.
    1. Fasola AO, Lawoyin JO, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. Inner city maxillofacial fractures due to road traffic accidents. Dent Traumatol. 2003;19:2–5. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-9657.2003.00073.x.
    1. Fasola AO, Denloye OO, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. Facial bone fractures in Nigerian children. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2001;30:67–70.
    1. Fasola AO, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. Fractures of the mandible in children. East Afr Med J. 2001;78:61–3.
    1. Fasola AO, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. Incidence and pattern of maxillofacial fractures in the elderly. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32:206–208. doi: 10.1054/ijom.2002.0323.
    1. Fasola AO, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. Sports related maxillofacial fractures in 77 Nigerian patients. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2000;29:215–217.
    1. Fasola AO, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. Concomitant injuries in 531 patients with maxillofacial fractures. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002;31:101–105.
    1. Fasola AO, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. Soft tissue injuries of the face: a 10 year review. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2000;29:59–62.
    1. Fasola AO, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. Zygomatic complex fractures at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. East Afr Med J. 2002;79:137–139.
    1. Abiose BO. The incidence and management of middle third facial fractures at the University Teaching Hospital, Ibadan. East Afr Med J. 1991;68:164–173.
    1. Denloye OO, Fasola AO, Arotiba JT. Dental emergencies in children seen at University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria- 5 year review. Afr J Med Med Sci. 1998;27:197–199.
    1. Ajagbe HA, Daramola JO. Pattern of facial bone fractures seen at the University Teaching Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. East African Med J. 1980;57:267–273.
    1. Bankole OO, Fasola AO, Denloye OO. Oro-facial soft tissue injuries in Nigerian children: a five-year review. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2004;33:93–97.
    1. Nwoku AL, Akinosi JO, Solarin EO, Obisesan BA. Results of out-patient treatment of mandibulo-maxillary fractures in LUTH. Niger Med J. 1979;9:100–106.
    1. Akinwande JA. Fracture of the mandible due to road traffic accidents in Lagos, Nigeria. Nig Dent J. 1990;9:15–22.
    1. Arotiba GT. Facial fractures due to road traffic accidents in Lagos. Niger Med J. 1996;30:66–69.
    1. Arotiba GT. The aetiology of facial fractures in Lagos. Niger Postgrad Med J. 1996;3:37–42.
    1. Akinwande JA, Ogunbanjo B, Ladeinde A, Ogunlewe O, Obisesan B, Oluseye T. Armed robbery gunshot injuries to the maxillofacial region. Journal clinical Practice. 1998;1:9–14.
    1. Odusanya SA. Maxillofacial fractures in South Western Nigeria (1976–1981) Odontostomatologie Tropicale. 1985;3:153–156.
    1. Ugboko VI, Owotade FJ, Oginni FO, Odusanya SA. Gunshot injuries of the orofacial region in Nigerian civilians. SADJ. 1999;54:418–422.
    1. Oginni FO, Akinwande JA, Fagade OO, Arole GF, Odusanya SA. Facial dog bites in Southwestern Nigerian children. An analysis of eight cases. Trop Doc. 2002;32:239–240.
    1. Oginni FO, Fagade OO, Akinwande JA, Arole GF, Odusanya SA. Pattern of soft tissue injuries to the oro-facial region in Nigerian children attending a teaching hospital. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2002;12:201–206. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-263X.2002.00353.x.
    1. Ugboko V, Udoye C, Ndukwe K, Amole A, Aregbesola S. Zygomatic complex fractures in a suburban Nigerian Population. Dent Traumatol. 2005;21:70–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2004.00275.x.
    1. Ugboko V, Odusanya S, Ogunbodede E. Maxillofacial fractures in children: An analysis of 52 Nigerian cases. Ped Dent J. 1998;8:31–35.
    1. Adekeye EO. The pattern of fractures of the facial skeleton in Kaduna, Nigeria. A survey of 1,447 cases. Oral Surg. 1980;6:491–495. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(80)90068-7.
    1. Adekeye EO. Fractures of the zygomatic complex in Nigerian patients. J Oral Surg. 1980;38:596–9.
    1. Adekeye EO. Pediatric fractures of the facial skeleton: a survey of 85 cases from Kaduna, Nigeria. J Oral Surg. 1980;38:355–358.
    1. Adebayo ET, Ajike OS, Adekeye EO. Analysis of the pattern of maxillofacial fractures in Kaduna, Nigeria. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;41:396–400. doi: 10.1016/S0266-4356(03)00165-7.
    1. Ugboko VI, Olasoji HO, Ajike SO, Amole AOD, Ogundipe OT. Facial injuries caused by animals in northern Nigeria. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;40:433–437. doi: 10.1016/S026643560200181X.
    1. Ogunbodede EO, Arotiba JT. Camel bite injuries of the orofacial region: report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;55:1174–1176. doi: 10.1016/S0278-2391(97)90303-7.
    1. Olasoji HO. Maxillofacial injuries due to assault in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Trop Doc. 1999;29:106–108.
    1. Olasoji HO, Tahir A, Bukar A. Jaw fractures in Nigerian children: an analysis of 102 cases. Cent Afr J Med. 2002;48:109–112.
    1. Oji C. Fractures of the facial skeleton in children: a survey of patients under the age of 11 years. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1998;26:322–325.
    1. Saheeb BDO, Etetafia MO. Influence of positions on the incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries in vehicular crashes. West Afr J Med. 2003;22:146–149.
    1. van Beek GJ, Merkx CA. Changes in the pattern of fractures of the maxillofacial skeleton. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;28:424–428. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-0020.1999.280605.x.
    1. Kontio R, Suuronen R, Ponkkonen H, Lindqvist C, Laine P. Have the causes of maxillofacial fractures changed over the last 16 years in Finland? An epidemiological study of 725 fractures. Dent Traumatol. 2005;21:14–19. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2004.00262.x.
    1. Kraus JF, Riggins RS, Franti CE. Some epidemiological features of motorcycle collision injuries. Am J Epid. 1975;102:74–113.
    1. Deaner RM, Fitchett VH. Motorcycle trauma. J Trauma. 1975;15:678–681.
    1. Adegbehingbe BO, Oluwadiya KS, Adegbehingbe OO. Motorcycle associated ocular injuries in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. African Journal of Trauma. 2004;2:35–39.
    1. Kobusingye OC. Why poor countries cannot afford to ignore road safety. African Journal of Trauma. 2004;2:6.
    1. Robinson S. Hope for Nigeria. Newsweek International. 1999;7:23.
    1. Onyeaso CO, Adegbesan OA. Orofacial injury and mouthguard usage by athletes in Nigeria. Int Dent J. 2003;53:231–236.
    1. Wolff KD. Management of animal bite injuries of the face: expereience with 94 patients. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg. 1998;56:838–843. doi: 10.1016/S0278-2391(98)90009-X.
    1. Fourie L, Cartilidge D. Fracture of the maxilla following dog bite to the face. Injury. 1995;26:61–62. doi: 10.1016/0020-1383(95)90557-E.
    1. Kelly DE, Harrigan WE. A survey of facial fractures: Bellevue Hospital, 1948–1974. J Oral Surg. 1975;33:146–149.
    1. Tuli T, Hachl O, Rasse M, Kloss F, Gassner R. Dentoalveolar trauma analysis of 4763 patients with 6237 injuries in 10 years. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2005;July 2
    1. Gassner R, Tuli T, Hachl O, Rudisch A, Ulmer H. Cranio-maxillofacial trauma: a 10 year review of 9,543 cases with 21,067 injuries. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2003;31:51–61.
    1. Gassner R, Tuli T, Hachl O, Moreira R, Ulmer H. Craniomaxillofacial trauma in children: a review of 3,385 cases with 6,060 injuries in 10 years. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:399–407. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2003.05.013.
    1. Ellis E, 3rd, Scott K. Assessment of patients with facial fractures. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2000;18:411–448. doi: 10.1016/S0733-8627(05)70137-1.
    1. Aziz SR, Ziccardi VB, Borah G. Current therapy: complications associated with rigid internal fixation of facial fractures. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2005;26:565–571.
    1. Van Sickels JE. A review and update of new methods for immobilisation of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;100:S11–S16. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.04.003.

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren