Exercises for mechanical neck disorders
Anita Gross, Theresa M Kay, Jean-Philippe Paquin, Samuel Blanchette, Patrick Lalonde, Trevor Christie, Genevieve Dupont, Nadine Graham, Stephen J Burnie, Geoff Gelley, Charles H Goldsmith, Mario Forget, Jan L Hoving, Gert Brønfort, Pasqualina L Santaguida, Cervical Overview Group, Anita Gross, Theresa M Kay, Jean-Philippe Paquin, Samuel Blanchette, Patrick Lalonde, Trevor Christie, Genevieve Dupont, Nadine Graham, Stephen J Burnie, Geoff Gelley, Charles H Goldsmith, Mario Forget, Jan L Hoving, Gert Brønfort, Pasqualina L Santaguida, Cervical Overview Group
Abstract
Background: Neck pain is common, disabling and costly. Exercise is one treatment approach.
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of exercises to improve pain, disability, function, patient satisfaction, quality of life and global perceived effect in adults with neck pain.
Search methods: We searched MEDLINE, MANTIS, ClinicalTrials.gov and three other computerized databases up to between January and May 2014 plus additional sources (reference checking, citation searching, contact with authors).
Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing single therapeutic exercise with a control for adults suffering from neck pain with or without cervicogenic headache or radiculopathy.
Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently conducted trial selection, data extraction, 'Risk of bias' assessment and clinical relevance. The quality of the evidence was assessed using GRADE. Meta-analyses were performed for relative risk and standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after judging clinical and statistical heterogeneity.
Main results: Twenty-seven trials (2485 analyzed /3005 randomized participants) met our inclusion criteria.For acute neck pain only, no evidence was found.For chronic neck pain, moderate quality evidence supports 1) cervico-scapulothoracic and upper extremity strength training to improve pain of a moderate to large amount immediately post treatment [pooled SMD (SMDp) -0.71 (95% CI: -1.33 to -0.10)] and at short-term follow-up; 2) scapulothoracic and upper extremity endurance training for slight beneficial effect on pain at immediate post treatment and short-term follow-up; 3) combined cervical, shoulder and scapulothoracic strengthening and stretching exercises varied from a small to large magnitude of beneficial effect on pain at immediate post treatment [SMDp -0.33 (95% CI: -0.55 to -0.10)] and up to long-term follow-up and a medium magnitude of effect improving function at both immediate post treatment and at short-term follow-up [SMDp -0.45 (95%CI: -0.72 to -0.18)]; 4) cervico-scapulothoracic strengthening/stabilization exercises to improve pain and function at intermediate term [SMDp -14.90 (95% CI:-22.40 to -7.39)]; 5) Mindfulness exercises (Qigong) minimally improved function but not global perceived effect at short term. Low evidence suggests 1) breathing exercises; 2) general fitness training; 3) stretching alone; and 4) feedback exercises combined with pattern synchronization may not change pain or function at immediate post treatment to short-term follow-up. Very low evidence suggests neuromuscular eye-neck co-ordination/proprioceptive exercises may improve pain and function at short-term follow-up.For chronic cervicogenic headache, moderate quality evidence supports static-dynamic cervico-scapulothoracic strengthening/endurance exercises including pressure biofeedback immediate post treatment and probably improves pain, function and global perceived effect at long-term follow-up. Low grade evidence supports sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAG) exercises.For acute radiculopathy, low quality evidence suggests a small benefit for pain reduction at immediate post treatment with cervical stretch/strengthening/stabilization exercises.
Authors' conclusions: No high quality evidence was found, indicating that there is still uncertainty about the effectiveness of exercise for neck pain. Using specific strengthening exercises as a part of routine practice for chronic neck pain, cervicogenic headache and radiculopathy may be beneficial. Research showed the use of strengthening and endurance exercises for the cervico-scapulothoracic and shoulder may be beneficial in reducing pain and improving function. However, when only stretching exercises were used no beneficial effects may be expected. Future research should explore optimal dosage.
Conflict of interest statement
Dr. Gert Bronfort is the first author of one of the trials included in this systematic review. He was not involved in the selection of studies, quality assessment, or data extraction for the study for which he was author.
Figures
![1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-AFig-FIG01.jpg)
![2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-AFig-FIG02.jpg)
![3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-AFig-FIG03.jpg)
![4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-AFig-FIG04.jpg)
![5](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-AFig-FIG05.jpg)
![6](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-AFig-FIG06.jpg)
![7](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-AFig-FIG07.jpg)
![8](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-AFig-FIG08.jpg)
![9](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-AFig-FIG09.jpg)
![1.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-001-01.jpg)
![1.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-001-02.jpg)
![1.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-001-03.jpg)
![2.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-002-01.jpg)
![2.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-002-02.jpg)
![4.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-004-01.jpg)
![4.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-004-02.jpg)
![4.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-004-03.jpg)
![4.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-004-04.jpg)
![4.5. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-004-05.jpg)
![4.6. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-004-06.jpg)
![5.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-005-01.jpg)
![5.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-005-02.jpg)
![5.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-005-03.jpg)
![5.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-005-04.jpg)
![5.6. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-005-06.jpg)
![6.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-006-01.jpg)
![6.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-006-02.jpg)
![7.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-007-01.jpg)
![7.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-007-02.jpg)
![7.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-007-03.jpg)
![7.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-007-04.jpg)
![7.5. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-007-05.jpg)
![7.6. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-007-06.jpg)
![7.7. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-007-07.jpg)
![8.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-008-01.jpg)
![8.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-008-02.jpg)
![8.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-008-03.jpg)
![8.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-008-04.jpg)
![8.5. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-008-05.jpg)
![8.6. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-008-06.jpg)
![9.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-01.jpg)
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.9. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.9. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.10. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.10. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.11. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.11. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.12. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.12. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.13. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.13. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.14. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.14. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.15. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.15. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.16. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.16. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.17. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.17. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.18. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.18. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.19. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.19. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
9.20. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE…
9.20. Analysis
Comparison 9 Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical…
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical…
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical/Shoulder…
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical…
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical/Shoulder…
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical…
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical/Shoulder…
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical…
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical/Shoulder…
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical…
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical/Shoulder…
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical…
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical/Shoulder…
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical…
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical/Shoulder…
10.8. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical…
10.8. Analysis
Comparison 10 Chronic MND: Cervical Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical/Shoulder…
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE…
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Stretch + UE Endurance Training vs NO INTERVENTION…
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE…
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Stretch + UE Endurance Training vs NO INTERVENTION…
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE…
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Stretch + UE Endurance Training vs NO INTERVENTION…
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE…
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Stretch + UE Endurance Training vs NO INTERVENTION…
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE…
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Stretch + UE Endurance Training vs NO INTERVENTION…
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE…
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Stretch + UE Endurance Training vs NO INTERVENTION…
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acute to Chronic…
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Acute to Chronic MND: Pattern synchronization + cervical/scapulothoracic strengthening + scapulothoracic…
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic…
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Chronic MND: Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening + Cervical/Scapulothoracic Endurance Training, Outcome 1 Pain…
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Acute to Chronic…
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Acute to Chronic MND: Scapulothoracic/UE Endurance Training vs CONTROL, Outcome 1…
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Chronic MND: Neuromuscular…
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Chronic MND: Neuromuscular Education (eye neck coordination/proprioception) + ANOTHER INTERVENTION VS…
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 Chronic MND: Neuromuscular…
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 Chronic MND: Neuromuscular Education (eye neck coordination/proprioception) + ANOTHER INTERVENTION VS…
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Chronic MND:Trunk/Extremity Stretch…
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Chronic MND:Trunk/Extremity Stretch + Pattern/Synchronization: Balance and Coordination + Cardiovascular/Aerobic vs…
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 Chronic MND:General Endurance…
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 Chronic MND:General Endurance Training + Dynamic/Static Lowback/pelvic Stabilization + General Stretching…
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM…
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM + Endurance Training + Dynamic Stabilization + Cognitive…
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM…
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM + Endurance Training + Dynamic Stabilization + Cognitive…
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM…
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM + Endurance Training + Dynamic Stabilization + Cognitive…
18.4. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM…
18.4. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM + Endurance Training + Dynamic Stabilization + Cognitive…
18.5. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM…
18.5. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM + Endurance Training + Dynamic Stabilization + Cognitive…
18.6. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM…
18.6. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM + Endurance Training + Dynamic Stabilization + Cognitive…
18.7. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM…
18.7. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM + Endurance Training + Dynamic Stabilization + Cognitive…
18.8. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM…
18.8. Analysis
Comparison 18 Chronic MND: Stretch/ROM + Endurance Training + Dynamic Stabilization + Cognitive…
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic…
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic WAD: Trunk/Extremity Stretch/ROM + Trunk/Extremity Strengthening + Trunk/Extremity…
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic…
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic WAD: Trunk/Extremity Stretch/ROM + Trunk/Extremity Strengthening + Trunk/Extremity…
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic…
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic WAD: Trunk/Extremity Stretch/ROM + Trunk/Extremity Strengthening + Trunk/Extremity…
19.4. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic…
19.4. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic WAD: Trunk/Extremity Stretch/ROM + Trunk/Extremity Strengthening + Trunk/Extremity…
19.5. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic…
19.5. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic WAD: Trunk/Extremity Stretch/ROM + Trunk/Extremity Strengthening + Trunk/Extremity…
19.6. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic…
19.6. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic WAD: Trunk/Extremity Stretch/ROM + Trunk/Extremity Strengthening + Trunk/Extremity…
19.7. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic…
19.7. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic WAD: Trunk/Extremity Stretch/ROM + Trunk/Extremity Strengthening + Trunk/Extremity…
19.8. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic…
19.8. Analysis
Comparison 19 Subacute to chronic WAD: Trunk/Extremity Stretch/ROM + Trunk/Extremity Strengthening + Trunk/Extremity…
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 Acute to Subacute…
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 Acute to Subacute CGH: Cervical Stretch/ROM vs SHAM, Outcome 1 Pain…
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20 Acute to Subacute…
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20 Acute to Subacute CGH: Cervical Stretch/ROM vs SHAM, Outcome 2 Pain…
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic…
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening with Endurance Training + Craniocervical Pressure Biofeedback…
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic…
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening with Endurance Training + Craniocervical Pressure Biofeedback…
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic…
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening with Endurance Training + Craniocervical Pressure Biofeedback…
21.4. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic…
21.4. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening with Endurance Training + Craniocervical Pressure Biofeedback…
21.5. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic…
21.5. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening with Endurance Training + Craniocervical Pressure Biofeedback…
21.6. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic…
21.6. Analysis
Comparison 21 Chronic CGH: Cervical/Scapulothoracic Strengthening with Endurance Training + Craniocervical Pressure Biofeedback…
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22 Acute Radiculopathy (NDR):…
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22 Acute Radiculopathy (NDR): Cervical Stretch/ROM + Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical…
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22 Acute Radiculopathy (NDR):…
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22 Acute Radiculopathy (NDR): Cervical Stretch/ROM + Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical…
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22 Acute Radiculopathy (NDR):…
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22 Acute Radiculopathy (NDR): Cervical Stretch/ROM + Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical…
22.4. Analysis
Comparison 22 Acute Radiculopathy (NDR):…
22.4. Analysis
Comparison 22 Acute Radiculopathy (NDR): Cervical Stretch/ROM + Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical…
22.5. Analysis
Comparison 22 Acute Radiculopathy (NDR):…
22.5. Analysis
Comparison 22 Acute Radiculopathy (NDR): Cervical Stretch/ROM + Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical…
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23 Chronic MND: Patterns…
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23 Chronic MND: Patterns synchronization + Feedforward/feedback: vestibular rehabilitation (balance on unstable…
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23 Chronic MND: Patterns…
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23 Chronic MND: Patterns synchronization + Feedforward/feedback: vestibular rehabilitation (balance on unstable…
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24 Chronic MND: Patterns…
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24 Chronic MND: Patterns synchronization + Feedforward/feedback: exercises for coordinating the neck,…
![9.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-02.jpg)
![9.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-03.jpg)
![9.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-04.jpg)
![9.5. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-05.jpg)
![9.6. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-06.jpg)
![9.7. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-07.jpg)
![9.8. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-08.jpg)
![9.9. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-09.jpg)
![9.10. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-10.jpg)
![9.11. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-11.jpg)
![9.12. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-12.jpg)
![9.13. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-13.jpg)
![9.14. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-14.jpg)
![9.15. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-15.jpg)
![9.16. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-16.jpg)
![9.17. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-17.jpg)
![9.18. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-18.jpg)
![9.19. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-19.jpg)
![9.20. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-009-20.jpg)
![10.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-010-01.jpg)
![10.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-010-02.jpg)
![10.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-010-03.jpg)
![10.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-010-04.jpg)
![10.5. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-010-05.jpg)
![10.6. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-010-06.jpg)
![10.7. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-010-07.jpg)
![10.8. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-010-08.jpg)
![11.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-011-01.jpg)
![11.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-011-02.jpg)
![11.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-011-03.jpg)
![11.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-011-04.jpg)
![11.5. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-011-05.jpg)
![11.6. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-011-06.jpg)
![12.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-012-01.jpg)
![13.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-013-01.jpg)
![14.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-014-01.jpg)
![15.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-015-01.jpg)
![15.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-015-02.jpg)
![16.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-016-01.jpg)
![17.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-017-01.jpg)
![18.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-018-01.jpg)
![18.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-018-02.jpg)
![18.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-018-03.jpg)
![18.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-018-04.jpg)
![18.5. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-018-05.jpg)
![18.6. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-018-06.jpg)
![18.7. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-018-07.jpg)
![18.8. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-018-08.jpg)
![19.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-019-01.jpg)
![19.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-019-02.jpg)
![19.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-019-03.jpg)
![19.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-019-04.jpg)
![19.5. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-019-05.jpg)
![19.6. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-019-06.jpg)
![19.7. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-019-07.jpg)
![19.8. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-019-08.jpg)
![20.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-020-01.jpg)
![20.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-020-02.jpg)
![21.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-021-01.jpg)
![21.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-021-02.jpg)
![21.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-021-03.jpg)
![21.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-021-04.jpg)
![21.5. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-021-05.jpg)
![21.6. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-021-06.jpg)
![22.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-022-01.jpg)
![22.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-022-02.jpg)
![22.3. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-022-03.jpg)
![22.4. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-022-04.jpg)
![22.5. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-022-05.jpg)
![23.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-023-01.jpg)
![23.2. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-023-02.jpg)
![24.1. Analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/9508492/bin/nCD004250-CMP-024-01.jpg)
Source: PubMed