Glycaemic control for people with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia - an urgent need for a review of management plan

Mohammed J Alramadan, Dianna J Magliano, Turky H Almigbal, Mohammed Ali Batais, Afsana Afroz, Hesham J Alramadhan, Waad Faozi Mahfoud, Adel Mehmas Alragas, Baki Billah, Mohammed J Alramadan, Dianna J Magliano, Turky H Almigbal, Mohammed Ali Batais, Afsana Afroz, Hesham J Alramadhan, Waad Faozi Mahfoud, Adel Mehmas Alragas, Baki Billah

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to assess inadequate glycaemic control and its associated factors among people with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. Adults with type 2 diabetes attending diabetes centres in Riyadh, Hofuf and Jeddah cities were interviewed and their anthropometrics were measured. Their medical records were also reviewed to collect information related to recent lab tests, medications, and documented comorbidities. Multivariable logistic regression were used for data analysis.

Results: A total of 1111 participants were recruited in the study. Mean age was 57.6 (±11.1) years, 65.2% of the participants were females, and mean HbA1c was 8.5 ± 1.9%. About three-fourths of participants had inadequate glycaemic control (≥ 7%). Multivariable analysis showed that age ≤ 60 years, longer duration of diabetes, living in a remote location, low household income, low intake of fruits and vegetable, low level of physical activity, lack of knowledge about haemoglobin A1c, high waist-hip ratio, low adherence to medication, and using injectable medications were independent risk factors for inadequate glycaemic control.

Conclusions: Inadequate glycaemic control is prevalent among people with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. In order to improve glycaemic control diabetes management plan should aim at controlling the modifiable risk factors which include low intake of fruits and vegetable, low level of physical activity, lack of knowledge about haemoglobin A1c, high waist-hip ratio, and low adherence to medications.

Keywords: Diabetes; Glycaemic control; Saudi Arabia.

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval was obtained from the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee in Australia and the Research Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. Written informed consent was obtained from all the study participants.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Adjusted association between risk factors and inadequate (HbA1c ≥ 7%) and very poor (HbA1c ≥ 9%) glycaemic control. Variables introduced in the multivariable analysis were age, gender, education level, location of residence, work status, income, region, intake of fruits and vegetables, physical activity, duration of diabetes, treatment modality, glucometer use frequency, hypoglycaemia, follow-up location, adherence to medication, awareness of HbA1c, BMI, waist-hip ratio, macrovascular complications, microvascular complications and dyslipidaemia
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Adjusted association between risk factors and inadequate control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) by the modality of treatment. Variables introduced in the multivariable analysis were age, gender, education level, location of residence, work status, income, region, intake of fruits and vegetables, physical activity, duration of diabetes, treatment modality, glucometer use frequency, hypoglycaemia, follow-up location, adherence to medication, awareness of HbA1c, BMI, waist-hip ratio, macrovascular complications, microvascular complications and dyslipidaemia

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