Multiple-Ion Releasing Bioactive Surface Pre-Reacted Glass-Ionomer (S-PRG) Filler: Innovative Technology for Dental Treatment and Care

Satoshi Imazato, Toshiyuki Nakatsuka, Haruaki Kitagawa, Jun-Ichi Sasaki, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Shuichi Ito, Hiroki Takeuchi, Ryota Nomura, Kazuhiko Nakano, Satoshi Imazato, Toshiyuki Nakatsuka, Haruaki Kitagawa, Jun-Ichi Sasaki, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Shuichi Ito, Hiroki Takeuchi, Ryota Nomura, Kazuhiko Nakano

Abstract

Surface Pre-Reacted Glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler, which releases strontium (Sr2+), borate (BO33-), fluoride (F-), sodium (Na+), silicate (SiO32-), and aluminum (Al3+) ions at high concentrations, is a unique glass filler that are utilized in dentistry. Because of its multiple-ion releasing characteristics, S-PRG filler exhibits several bioactivities such as tooth strengthening, acid neutralization, promotion of mineralization, inhibition of bacteria and fungi, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, and enhancement of cell activity. Therefore, S-PRG filler per se and S-PRG filler-containing materials have the potential to be beneficial for various dental treatments and care. Those include restorative treatment, caries prevention/management, vital pulp therapy, endodontic treatment, prevention/treatment of periodontal disease, prevention of denture stomatitis, and perforation repair/root end filling. This review summarizes bioactive functions exhibited by S-PRG filler and its possible contribution to oral health.

Keywords: S-PRG; bioactive; dental; glass filler; ion release; prevention.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Surface Pre-Reacted Glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler. (A) S-PRG filler is composed of three layers: outer SiO2 coating layer, pre-reacted glass-ionomer phase, and inner functional glass core. (B) S-PRG filler releases multiple ions: strontium (Sr2+), borate (BO33−), fluoride (F−), sodium (Na+), silicate (SiO32−), and aluminum (Al3+) ions.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of ion release from S-PRG filler and conventional glass-ionomer filler. Release of ions from S-PRG filler or unreacted filler of conventional glass-ionomer cement was determined after stirring for 24 h in distilled water (mixing ratio of 1:1). The concentration of fluoride ions in the eluate was measured using a fluoride ion electrode, and those of other ions were measured using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mineral induction by eluate of S-PRG filler-containing adhesive. (A) Globular deposit formed in the presence of eluate of S-PRG filler-containing adhesive (Shake One). (B) Control. The eluate of S-PRG filler-containing adhesive promoted mineral formation on phosvitin-immobilized agarose beads placed in mineralizing solution consisting of 2.24 mM CaCl2, 1.34 mM KPO4, 150 mM KCl, and 10 mM Hepes at pH 7.4.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Inhibition of S. mutans glucan synthesis by S-PRG filler eluate. S. mutans MT8148 (1.0 × 107 CFU/mL) was incubated for 18 h at 37 °C with the addition of 1% sucrose without (left) or with (right) the 25% S-PRG filler eluate. Arrow: S. mutans cell, Arrowhead: glucan formed.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Inhibition of biofilm formation by S-PRG filler eluate. S. mutans NCTC10449 suspension supplemented with 1% sucrose was incubated for 24 h without (left) or with the 20% S-PRG filler eluate (right). In the presence of the 20% S-PRG filler eluate, S. mutans biofilm formation was inhibited.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Inhibitory effects of S. mutans biofilm formation on resin composites containing S-PRG filler. Reproduced with permission from Imazato et al. [4]. Copyright: Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Plaque accumulated on resin composites after placement in a human mouth for 24 h. Reproduced with permission from Imazato et al. [4]. Copyright: Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Recovery of migration activity in epithelial cells by S-PRG filler eluate. Human gingival epithelial cells were infected with P. gingivalis, and their migration was assessed after 24 h of culture. (A) Before culture, (B) after culture without P. gingivalis infection, (C) after culture with P. gingivalis infection, and (D) after culture with P. gingivalis infection and 1% S-PRG filler eluate.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Proliferation of osteoblastic cells on the material surface. (A) Experimental S-PRG cement, (B) calcium silicate-based cement (ProRoot MTA), (C) reinforced zinc oxide cement, and (D) glass-ionomer cement. MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded on the set specimen and cultured for 24 h.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Ion release profile of commercially available S-PRG filler-containing restorative materials. Cumulative concentrations of ions released from (A) resin composites (Beautifil II), (B) flowable-type resin composites (Beautifil Flow Plus), (C) resin cement for luting (ResiCem EX), and (D) bonding agent in a two-step self-etch adhesive (FL-Bond II). The disc-shaped cured specimen (15 mm diameter, 1 mm thickness) was immersed in 5 mL of distilled water, which was replaced periodically. The concentration of fluoride ions in the eluate was measured using a fluoride ion electrode, and those of other ions were measured using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Ion release profile of coating resin containing S-PRG filler. Cumulative concentrations of ions released from commercial coating resin containing S-PRG filler (PRG Barrier Coat). The disc-shaped cured specimen (15 mm diameter, 1 mm thickness) was immersed in 5 mL of distilled water, which was replaced periodically. The concentration of fluoride ions in the eluate was measured using a fluoride ion electrode, and those of other ions were measured using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer.

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Source: PubMed

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