Primary-level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low- and middle-income countries

Nadja van Ginneken, Weng Yee Chin, Yen Chian Lim, Amin Ussif, Rakesh Singh, Ujala Shahmalak, Marianna Purgato, Antonio Rojas-García, Eleonora Uphoff, Sarah McMullen, Hakan Safaralilo Foss, Ambika Thapa Pachya, Laleh Rashidian, Anna Borghesani, Nicholas Henschke, Lee-Yee Chong, Simon Lewin, Nadja van Ginneken, Weng Yee Chin, Yen Chian Lim, Amin Ussif, Rakesh Singh, Ujala Shahmalak, Marianna Purgato, Antonio Rojas-García, Eleonora Uphoff, Sarah McMullen, Hakan Safaralilo Foss, Ambika Thapa Pachya, Laleh Rashidian, Anna Borghesani, Nicholas Henschke, Lee-Yee Chong, Simon Lewin

Abstract

Background: Community-based primary-level workers (PWs) are an important strategy for addressing gaps in mental health service delivery in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of PW-led treatments for persons with mental health symptoms in LMICs, compared to usual care. SEARCH METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP, reference lists (to 20 June 2019). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of PW-led or collaborative-care interventions treating people with mental health symptoms or their carers in LMICs. PWs included: primary health professionals (PHPs), lay health workers (LHWs), community non-health professionals (CPs). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Seven conditions were identified apriori and analysed by disorder and PW examining recovery, prevalence, symptom change, quality-of-life (QOL), functioning, service use (SU), and adverse events (AEs). Risk ratios (RRs) were used for dichotomous outcomes; mean difference (MDs), standardised mean differences (SMDs), or mean change differences (MCDs) for continuous outcomes. For SMDs, 0.20 to 0.49 represented small, 0.50 to 0.79 moderate, and ≥0.80 large clinical effects. Analysis timepoints: T1 (<1 month), T2 (1-6 months), T3 ( >6 months) post-intervention. MAIN RESULTS: Description of studies 95 trials (72 new since 2013) from 30 LMICs (25 trials from 13 LICs). Risk of bias Most common: detection bias, attrition bias (efficacy), insufficient protection against contamination. Intervention effects *Unless indicated, comparisons were usual care at T2. "Probably", "may", or "uncertain" indicates "moderate", "low," or "very low" certainty evidence. Adults with common mental disorders (CMDs) LHW-led interventions a. may increase recovery (2 trials, 308 participants; RR 1.29, 95%CI 1.06 to 1.56); b. may reduce prevalence (2 trials, 479 participants; RR 0.42, 95%CI 0.18 to 0.96); c. may reduce symptoms (4 trials, 798 participants; SMD -0.59, 95%CI -1.01 to -0.16); d. may improve QOL (1 trial, 521 participants; SMD 0.51, 95%CI 0.34 to 0.69); e. may slightly reduce functional impairment (3 trials, 1399 participants; SMD -0.47, 95%CI -0.8 to -0.15); f. may reduce AEs (risk of suicide ideation/attempts); g. may have uncertain effects on SU. Collaborative-care a. may increase recovery (5 trials, 804 participants; RR 2.26, 95%CI 1.50 to 3.43); b. may reduce prevalence although the actual effect range indicates it may have little-or-no effect (2 trials, 2820 participants; RR 0.57, 95%CI 0.32 to 1.01); c. may slightly reduce symptoms (6 trials, 4419 participants; SMD -0.35, 95%CI -0.63 to -0.08); d. may slightly improve QOL (6 trials, 2199 participants; SMD 0.34, 95%CI 0.16 to 0.53); e. probably has little-to-no effect on functional impairment (5 trials, 4216 participants; SMD -0.13, 95%CI -0.28 to 0.03); f. may reduce SU (referral to MH specialists); g. may have uncertain effects on AEs (death). Women with perinatal depression (PND) LHW-led interventions a. may increase recovery (4 trials, 1243 participants; RR 1.29, 95%CI 1.08 to 1.54); b. probably slightly reduce symptoms (5 trials, 1989 participants; SMD -0.26, 95%CI -0.37 to -0.14); c. may slightly reduce functional impairment (4 trials, 1856 participants; SMD -0.23, 95%CI -0.41 to -0.04); d. may have little-to-no effect on AEs (death); e. may have uncertain effects on SU. Collaborative-care a. has uncertain effects on symptoms/QOL/SU/AEs. Adults with post-traumatic stress (PTS) or CMDs in humanitarian settings LHW-led interventions a. may slightly reduce depression symptoms (5 trials, 1986 participants; SMD -0.36, 95%CI -0.56 to -0.15); b. probably slightly improve QOL (4 trials, 1918 participants; SMD -0.27, 95%CI -0.39 to -0.15); c. may have uncertain effects on symptoms (PTS)/functioning/SU/AEs. PHP-led interventions a. may reduce PTS symptom prevalence (1 trial, 313 participants; RR 5.50, 95%CI 2.50 to 12.10) and depression prevalence (1 trial, 313 participants; RR 4.60, 95%CI 2.10 to 10.08); b. may have uncertain effects on symptoms/functioning/SU/AEs. Adults with harmful/hazardous alcohol or substance use LHW-led interventions a. may increase recovery from harmful/hazardous alcohol use although the actual effect range indicates it may have little-or-no effect (4 trials, 872 participants; RR 1.28, 95%CI 0.94 to 1.74); b. may have little-to-no effect on the prevalence of methamphetamine use (1 trial, 882 participants; RR 1.01, 95%CI 0.91 to 1.13) and functional impairment (2 trials, 498 participants; SMD -0.14, 95%CI -0.32 to 0.03); c. probably slightly reduce risk of harmful/hazardous alcohol use (3 trials, 667 participants; SMD -0.22, 95%CI -0.32 to -0.11); d. may have uncertain effects on SU/AEs. PHP/CP-led interventions a. probably have little-to-no effect on recovery from harmful/hazardous alcohol use (3 trials, 1075 participants; RR 0.93, 95%CI 0.77 to 1.12) or QOL (1 trial, 560 participants; MD 0.00, 95%CI -0.10 to 0.10); b. probably slightly reduce risk of harmful/hazardous alcohol and substance use (2 trials, 705 participants; SMD -0.20, 95%CI -0.35 to -0.05; moderate-certainty evidence); c. may have uncertain effects on prevalence (cannabis use)/SU/AEs. PW-led interventions for alcohol/substance dependence a. may have uncertain effects. Adults with severe mental disorders *Comparisons were specialist-led care at T1. LHW-led interventions a. may have little-to-no effect on caregiver burden (1 trial, 253 participants; MD -0.04, 95%CI -0.18 to 0.11); b. may have uncertain effects on symptoms/functioning/SU/AEs. PHP-led or collaborative-care a. may reduce functional impairment (7 trials, 874 participants; SMD -1.13, 95%CI -1.78 to -0.47); b. may have uncertain effects on recovery/relapse/symptoms/QOL/SU. Adults with dementia and carers PHP/LHW-led carer interventions a. may have little-to-no effect on the severity of behavioural symptoms in dementia patients (2 trials, 134 participants; SMD -0.26, 95%CI -0.60 to 0.08); b. may reduce carers' mental distress (2 trials, 134 participants; SMD -0.47, 95%CI -0.82 to -0.13); c. may have uncertain effects on QOL/functioning/SU/AEs. Children with PTS or CMDs LHW-led interventions a. may have little-to-no effect on PTS symptoms (3 trials, 1090 participants; MCD -1.34, 95%CI -2.83 to 0.14); b. probably have little-to-no effect on depression symptoms (3 trials, 1092 participants; MCD -0.61, 95%CI -1.23 to 0.02) or on functional impairment (3 trials, 1092 participants; MCD -0.81, 95%CI -1.48 to -0.13); c. may have little-or-no effect on AEs. CP-led interventions a. may have little-to-no effect on depression symptoms (2 trials, 602 participants; SMD -0.19, 95%CI -0.57 to 0.19) or on AEs; b. may have uncertain effects on recovery/symptoms(PTS)/functioning.

Authors' conclusions: PW-led interventions show promising benefits in improving outcomes for CMDs, PND, PTS, harmful alcohol/substance use, and dementia carers in LMICs.

Conflict of interest statement

YCL, AURS, US, MP, AR, EU, SM, HSF, ATPLR, AB, LYC: none known

NvG: honorarium for undertaking the review (WHO). I work as a general practitioner

WYC: Sub‐contracted to contribute to the review (The University of Liverpool)

NH: Since 2016 I have been employed by Cochrane Response, an evidence consultancy initiative from Cochrane. Cochrane Response was commissioned by the Norwegian EPOC satellite and the Cochrane CET to perform tasks on this review.

SL: Joint Coordinating Editor for the Cochrane EPOC Group; was not involved in the editorial process for this review. My time is partly funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)

Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration.

Figures

1
1
Nomenclature of primary‐level workers described in the review.
2
2
Logic model for prevention ‐ Purgato 2021 ‐ and treatment reviews ‐ van Ginneken 2019.
3
3
Study PRISMA flow diagram.
4
4
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
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5
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1. Analysis
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in treating common mental disorders (CMDs), Outcome 1: Recovery from common mental disorders
1.2. Analysis
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in treating common mental disorders (CMDs), Outcome 2: Prevalence of common mental disorders
1.3. Analysis
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in treating common mental disorders (CMDs), Outcome 3: Common mental disorder symptoms
1.4. Analysis
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in treating common mental disorders (CMDs), Outcome 4: Quality of life
1.5. Analysis
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in treating common mental disorders (CMDs), Outcome 5: Functional impairment/disability
2.1. Analysis
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Primary‐level worker‐led collaborative care versus usual care in treating common mental disorders in adults, Outcome 1: Recovery from common mental disorders
2.2. Analysis
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Primary‐level worker‐led collaborative care versus usual care in treating common mental disorders in adults, Outcome 2: Prevalence of common mental disorders
2.3. Analysis
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Primary‐level worker‐led collaborative care versus usual care in treating common mental disorders in adults, Outcome 3: Common mental disorder symptoms
2.4. Analysis
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Primary‐level worker‐led collaborative care versus usual care in treating common mental disorders in adults, Outcome 4: Quality of life
2.5. Analysis
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Primary‐level worker‐led collaborative care versus usual care in treating common mental disorders in adults, Outcome 5: Functional impairment
3.1. Analysis
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual care in treating perinatal depression, Outcome 1: Recovery from depression
3.2. Analysis
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual care in treating perinatal depression, Outcome 2: Depression symptoms
3.3. Analysis
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual care in treating perinatal depression, Outcome 3: Functional impairment
4.1. Analysis
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Primary health professional‐led collaborative interventions versus enhanced usual care in treating perinatal depression, Outcome 1: Recovery from depression
4.2. Analysis
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Primary health professional‐led collaborative interventions versus enhanced usual care in treating perinatal depression, Outcome 2: Depression symptoms
4.3. Analysis
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Primary health professional‐led collaborative interventions versus enhanced usual care in treating perinatal depression, Outcome 3: Quality of life
4.4. Analysis
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Primary health professional‐led collaborative interventions versus enhanced usual care in treating perinatal depression, Outcome 4: Functional impairment
5.1. Analysis
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 1: Prevalence of PTSD
5.2. Analysis
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 2: Post‐traumatic stress symptoms
5.3. Analysis
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 3: Depression symptoms
5.4. Analysis
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 4: Anxiety symptoms
5.5. Analysis
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 5: Emotional distress symptoms
5.6. Analysis
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 6: Quality of life
5.7. Analysis
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 7: Functional impairment
5.8. Analysis
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 8: Service utilisation (dichotomous outcomes)
5.9. Analysis
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5: Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions versus usual care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 9: Service utilisation (continuous outcomes)
6.1. Analysis
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led psychological interventions versus usual or no care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 1: Prevalence of PTSD
6.2. Analysis
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led psychological interventions versus usual or no care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 2: Prevalence of probable depression or anxiety
6.3. Analysis
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led psychological interventions versus usual or no care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 3: Post‐traumatic stress symptoms
6.4. Analysis
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led psychological interventions versus usual or no care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 4: Depression symptoms
6.5. Analysis
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led psychological interventions versus usual or no care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 5: Anxiety symptoms
6.6. Analysis
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led psychological interventions versus usual or no care in adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 6: Functional impairment
7.1. Analysis
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 1: Clinical recovery ‐ harmful or hazardous alcohol use
7.2. Analysis
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 2: Prevalence ‐ drug use
7.3. Analysis
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 3: Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (up to 1 month post intervention)
7.4. Analysis
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 4: Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (1 to 6 months post intervention)
7.5. Analysis
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 5: Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (> 6 months post intervention)
7.6. Analysis
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 6: Clinical symptoms ‐ drug and alcohol use
7.7. Analysis
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 7: Depression symptoms
7.8. Analysis
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 8: Functional impairment
7.9. Analysis
7.9. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 9: Service utilisation ‐ unplanned admissions to hospital
7.10. Analysis
7.10. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 10: Service utilisation ‐ healthcare visits
7.11. Analysis
7.11. Analysis
Comparison 7: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 11: Adverse events
8.1. Analysis
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 1: Clinical recovery ‐ harmful or hazardous alcohol or drug use
8.2. Analysis
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 2: Prevalence ‐ cannabis drug use (dichotomous data)
8.3. Analysis
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 3: Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (up to 1 month post intervention)
8.4. Analysis
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 4: Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (1‐6 months post intervention)
8.5. Analysis
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 5: Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use (> 6 months post intervention)
8.6. Analysis
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 6: Clinical symptoms ‐ drug and alcohol use (1 to 6 months post intervention)
8.7. Analysis
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 7: Clinical symptoms ‐ cannabis drug use (continuous data)
8.8. Analysis
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 8: Depression symptoms
8.9. Analysis
8.9. Analysis
Comparison 8: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use, Outcome 9: Quality of life
9.1. Analysis
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Lay health worker‐ and primary health professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with alcohol dependence, Outcome 1: Clinical recovery ‐ dependent alcohol use
9.2. Analysis
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Lay health worker‐ and primary health professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with alcohol dependence, Outcome 2: Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use
9.3. Analysis
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Lay health worker‐ and primary health professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with alcohol dependence, Outcome 3: Depression symptoms
9.4. Analysis
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Lay health worker‐ and primary health professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with alcohol dependence, Outcome 4: Functional impairment
9.5. Analysis
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9: Lay health worker‐ and primary health professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with alcohol dependence, Outcome 5: Service utilisation
9.6. Analysis
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9: Lay health worker‐ and primary health professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with alcohol dependence, Outcome 6: Adverse events
10.1. Analysis
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with substance dependence, Outcome 1: Prevalence ‐ drug use (up to 1 month post intervention)
10.2. Analysis
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with substance dependence, Outcome 2: Clinical symptoms ‐ alcohol use
10.3. Analysis
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with substance dependence, Outcome 3: Clinical symptoms ‐ drug use (up to 1 month post intervention)
10.4. Analysis
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with substance dependence, Outcome 4: Clinical symptoms ‐ drug avoidance self‐efficacy
10.5. Analysis
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with substance dependence, Outcome 5: Clinical symptoms ‐ mental health status
10.6. Analysis
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10: Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions versus enhanced usual care in adult patients with substance dependence, Outcome 6: Quality of life (up to 1 month post intervention)
11.1. Analysis
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus specialist‐led care for adults with severe mental disorders, Outcome 1: Schizophrenia symptoms
11.2. Analysis
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus specialist‐led care for adults with severe mental disorders, Outcome 2: Depression symptoms
11.3. Analysis
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus specialist‐led care for adults with severe mental disorders, Outcome 3: Functional impairment
11.4. Analysis
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11: Lay health worker‐led interventions versus specialist‐led care for adults with severe mental disorders, Outcome 4: Anxiety
12.1. Analysis
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care versus specialist‐led care for people with severe mental disorders, Outcome 1: Clinical recovery from severe mental disorders
12.2. Analysis
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care versus specialist‐led care for people with severe mental disorders, Outcome 2: Relapse of severe mental disorders
12.3. Analysis
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12: Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care versus specialist‐led care for people with severe mental disorders, Outcome 3: Schizophrenia symptoms
12.4. Analysis
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12: Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care versus specialist‐led care for people with severe mental disorders, Outcome 4: Depression symptoms
12.5. Analysis
12.5. Analysis
Comparison 12: Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care versus specialist‐led care for people with severe mental disorders, Outcome 5: Quality of life
12.6. Analysis
12.6. Analysis
Comparison 12: Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care versus specialist‐led care for people with severe mental disorders, Outcome 6: Functional impairment
12.7. Analysis
12.7. Analysis
Comparison 12: Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care versus specialist‐led care for people with severe mental disorders, Outcome 7: Service utilisation ‐ hospital re‐admission (1 year from randomisation)
13.1. Analysis
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: Primary health professional‐ and lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual care in improving dementia patients' and carers' outcomes, Outcome 1: Behavioural problem symptoms
13.2. Analysis
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13: Primary health professional‐ and lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual care in improving dementia patients' and carers' outcomes, Outcome 2: Quality of life (patient)
13.3. Analysis
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13: Primary health professional‐ and lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual care in improving dementia patients' and carers' outcomes, Outcome 3: Functional impairment (patient)
13.4. Analysis
13.4. Analysis
Comparison 13: Primary health professional‐ and lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual care in improving dementia patients' and carers' outcomes, Outcome 4: Carer distress
13.5. Analysis
13.5. Analysis
Comparison 13: Primary health professional‐ and lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual care in improving dementia patients' and carers' outcomes, Outcome 5: Carer mental health status
13.6. Analysis
13.6. Analysis
Comparison 13: Primary health professional‐ and lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual care in improving dementia patients' and carers' outcomes, Outcome 6: Carer burden
13.7. Analysis
13.7. Analysis
Comparison 13: Primary health professional‐ and lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual care in improving dementia patients' and carers' outcomes, Outcome 7: Carer quality of life
14.1. Analysis
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual or no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 1: Post‐traumatic stress symptoms
14.2. Analysis
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual or no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 2: Post‐traumatic stress symptoms (change scores)
14.3. Analysis
14.3. Analysis
Comparison 14: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual or no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 3: Post‐traumatic stress symptoms
14.4. Analysis
14.4. Analysis
Comparison 14: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual or no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 4: Depression symptoms
14.5. Analysis
14.5. Analysis
Comparison 14: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual or no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 5: Depression symptoms
14.6. Analysis
14.6. Analysis
Comparison 14: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual or no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 6: Anxiety symptoms
14.7. Analysis
14.7. Analysis
Comparison 14: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual or no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 7: Functional impairment
14.8. Analysis
14.8. Analysis
Comparison 14: Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions versus usual or no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 8: Functional impairment
15.1. Analysis
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15: Community professional‐led psychosocial interventions versus no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 1: Recovery from PTSD
15.2. Analysis
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15: Community professional‐led psychosocial interventions versus no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 2: Post‐traumatic stress symptoms
15.3. Analysis
15.3. Analysis
Comparison 15: Community professional‐led psychosocial interventions versus no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 3: Depression symptoms
15.4. Analysis
15.4. Analysis
Comparison 15: Community professional‐led psychosocial interventions versus no care in child post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders in humanitarian settings, Outcome 4: Functional impairment

References

References to studies included in this review Abas 2018 {published data only}

    1. Abas M, Nyamayaro P, Bere T, Saruchera E, Mothobi N, Simms V, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of a task-shifted intervention to enhance adherence to HIV medication and Improve depression in people living with HIV in Zimbabwe, a low income country in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS and Behavior 2018;22(1):86-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1659-4]
    1. Bere T, Nyamayaro P, Magidson JF, Chibanda D, Chingono A, Munjoma R, et al. Cultural adaptation of a cognitive-behavioural intervention to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe: Nzira Itsva. Journal of Health Psychology 2017;22(10):1265-76.
    1. Chibanda D, Verhey R, Gibson LJ, Munetsi E, Machando D, Rusakaniko S, et al. Validation of screening tools for depression and anxiety disorders in a primary care population with high HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe. Journal of Affective Disorders 2016;198:50-5.
    1. PACTR201511001150307. TENDAI STUDY: treatment to reduce depression and improve adherence to anti-retroviral therapy in Harare, Zimbabwe. 2015.
Adewuya 2019 {published data only}
    1. Adewuya AO, Ola BA, Coker O, Atilola O, Fasawe A, Ajomale T. A stepped care intervention for non-specialist health workers' management of depression in the Mental Health in Primary Care (MeHPriC) project, Lagos, Nigeria: a cluster randomised controlled trial. General Hospital Psychiatry 2019;60:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.07.012]
    1. ISRCTN66243738. Management of depression by primary care health workers in Lagos, Nigeria. 2017.
Ali 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ali BS, Rahbar MH, Naeem S. The effectiveness of counselling on anxiety and depression by minimally trained counsellors: a randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Psychotherapy 2003;57(3):324-36.
    1. Gul A, Ali BS. The onset and duration of benefit from counselling by minimally trained counsellors on anxiety and depression in women. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2004;54(11):549-52.
Araya 2003 {published data only}
    1. Araya R, Flynn T, Rojas G, Fritsch R, Simon G. Cost-effectiveness of a primary care treatment program for depression in low-income women in Santiago, Chile. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006;163(8):1379-87.
    1. Araya R, Rojas G, Fritsch R, Gaete J, Rojas M, Simon G, et al. Treating depression in primary care in low-income women in Santiago, Chile: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361(9362):995-1000.
Arjadi 2018 {published data only}
    1. Arjadi R, Nauta MH, Scholte WF, Hollon SD, Chowdhary N, Suryani AO, et al. Internet-based behavioural activation with lay counsellor support versus online minimal psychoeducation without support for treatment of depression: a randomised controlled trial in Indonesia. Lancet Psychiatry 2018;5(9):707-16. [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30223-2]
    1. Arjadi R, Nauta MH, Scholte WF, Hollon SD, Chowdhary N, Suryani AO, et al. Guided Act and Feel Indonesia (GAF-ID) - Internet-based behavioral activation intervention for depression in Indonesia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2016;17(1):455. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1577-9]
Ayoughi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ayoughi S, Missmahl I, Weierstall R, Elbert T. Provision of mental health services in resource-poor settings: a randomised trial comparing counselling with routine medical treatment in North Afghanistan (Mazar-e-Sharif). BMC Psychiatry 2012;12:14. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-14]
Barfar 2017 {published data only}
    1. Barfar E, Sharifi V, Amini H, Mottaghipour Y, Yunesian M, Tehranidoost M, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of an aftercare service vs treatment-as-usual for patients with severe mental disorders. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 2017;20(3):101-10.
    1. Hajebi A, Sharifi V, Ghadiri VM, Moradi-Lakeh M, Tehranidoost M, Yunesian M, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of aftercare services for severe mental illness: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:178. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-178]
Barron 2013 {published data only}
    1. Barron IG, Abdallah G, Smith P. Randomized control trial of a CBT trauma recovery program in Palestinian schools. Journal of Loss & Trauma 2013;18(4):306-21. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2012.688712]
Barron 2016 {published data only}
    1. Barron I, Abdallah G, Heltne U. Randomized control trial of teaching recovery techniques in rural occupied Palestine: effect on adolescent dissociation. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 2016;25(9):955-73. [DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2016.1231149]
Bass 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bass JK, Annan J, Murray SM, Kaysen D, Griffiths S, Cetinoglu T, et al. "Controlled trial of psychotherapy for Congolese survivors of sexual violence": erratum. New England Journal of Medicine/Boston Medical & Surgical Journal 2014;370(26):2547. [DOI: ]
    1. Bass JK, Annan J, Murray SM, Kaysen D, Griffiths S, Cetinoglu T, et al. Controlled trial of psychotherapy for Congolese survivors of sexual violence. New England Journal of Medicine 2013;368(23):2182-91. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1211853]
    1. Hall BJ, Bolton PA, Annan J, Kaysen D, Robinette K, Cetinoglu T, et al. The effect of cognitive therapy on structural social capital: results from a randomized controlled trial among sexual violence survivors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. American Journal of Public Health 2014;104(9):1680-6. [DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.301981]
    1. Murray SM, Augustinavicius J, Kaysen D, Rao D, Murray LK, Wachter K, et al. The impact of cognitive processing therapy on stigma among survivors of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial. Conflict & Health [electronic resource] 2018;12:1. [DOI: 10.1186/s13031-018-0142-4]
Bass 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bass J, Murray SM, Mohammed TA, Bunn M, Gorman W, Ahmed AM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a trauma-informed support, skills, and psychoeducation intervention for survivors of torture and related trauma in Kurdistan, Northern Iraq. Global Health, Science and Practice 2016;4(3):452-66. [DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00017]
Berger 2009 {published data only}
    1. Berger R, Gelkopf M. School-based intervention for the treatment of tsunami-related distress in children: a quasi-randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2009;78:364-71.
Betancourt 2014 {published data only}
    1. Betancourt TS, McBain R, Newnham EA, Akinsulure-Smith AM, Brennan RT, Weisz JR, et al. A behavioral intervention for war-affected youth in Sierra Leone: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2014;53(12):1288-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.011]
Bolton 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bass J, Neugebauer R. Group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in rural Uganda: 6-month outcomes randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006;188:567-73.
    1. Bolton P, Neugebauer R, Ndogoni L. Prevalence of depression in rural Rwanda based on symptom and functional criteria. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2002;190(9):631-7.
    1. Bolton P. Cross-cultural validity and reliability testing of a standard psychiatric assessment instrument without a gold standard. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2001;189(4):238-42.
    1. Bolton P. Group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in rural Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;289(23):3117-24.
    1. Clougherty KF, Verdeli H, Weissman MM. Interpersonal psychotherapy for group in Uganda (IPTG-U). Unpublished Manual 2002.
    1. Verdeli H, Clougherty K, Bolton P, Speelman L, Lincoln N, Bass J, et al. Adapting group interpersonal psychotherapy for a developing country: experience in rural Uganda. World Psychiatry 2003;2(2):114-20.
Bolton 2007 {published data only}
    1. Betancourt TS, Newnham EA, Brennan RT, Verdeli H, Borisova I, Neugebauer R, et al. Moderators of treatment effectiveness for war-affected youth with depression in Northern Uganda. Journal of Adolescent Health 2012;51(6):544-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.010]
    1. Bolton P, Bass J. Interventions for depression symptoms among adolescent survivors of war and displacement in northern Uganda. JAMA 2007;298(5):519-27.
    1. Bolton P, Betancourt T, Bass J, Speelman S, Onyango G. A randomized controlled trial of group interpersonal psychotherapy and creative play for psychosocial problems in war-affected Acholi adolescents. Final Programme Report 2006.
    1. Bolton P, Wilk CM, Ndogoni L. Assessment of depression prevalence in rural Uganda using symptom and function criteria. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2004;38(6):442-7.
Bolton 2014 (Iraq) {published data only}
    1. Bolton P, Bass JK, Zangana GA, Kamal T, Murray SM, Kaysen D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of mental health interventions for survivors of systematic violence in Kurdistan, Northern Iraq. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:360. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0360-2]
    1. Magidson JF, Lejuez CW, Kamal T, Blevins EJ, Murray LK, Bass JK, et al. Adaptation of community health worker-delivered behavioral activation for torture survivors in Kurdistan, Iraq. Global Mental Health 2015;2:e24.
    1. NCT00925262. A controlled trial of mental health interventions for common mental health problems experienced by torture survivors living in Kurdistan, Iraq. 2009.
Bolton 2014 (Thailand) {published data only}
    1. Bolton P, Lee C, Haroz EE, Murray L, Dorsey S, Robinson C, et al. A transdiagnostic community-based mental health treatment for comorbid disorders: development and outcomes of a randomized controlled trial among Burmese refugees in Thailand. PLOS Medicine/Public Library of Science 2014;11(11):e1001757. [DOI: ]
Bonilla‐Escobar 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bonilla-Escobar FJ, Fandino-Losada A, Martinez-Buitrago DM, Santaella-Tenorio J, Tobon-Garci D, Munoz-Morales EJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral intervention for Afro-descendants' survivors of systemic violence in Colombia. PLOS ONE 2018;13(12):e0208483.
    1. NCT01856673. Evaluation of two community-based mental health interventions for violence-displaced Afro-descendants in Colombia. 2013.
Bryant 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bryant RA, Schafer A, Dawson KS, Anjuri D, Mulili C, Ndogoni L, et al. Effectiveness of a brief behavioural intervention on psychological distress among women with a history of gender-based violence in urban Kenya: a randomised clinical trial. PLOS Medicine/Public Library of Science 2017;14(8):e1002371. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002371]
    1. Dawson KS, Schafer A, Anjuri D, Ndogoni L, Musyoki C, Sijbrandij M, et al. Feasibility trial of a scalable psychological intervention for women affected by urban adversity and gender-based violence in Nairobi. BMC Psychiatry 2016;16(1):1-9.
Chatterjee 2014 {published data only}
    1. Balaji M, Chatterjee S, Koschorke M, Rangaswamy T, Chavan A, Dabholkar H, et al. The development of a lay health worker delivered collaborative community based intervention for people with schizophrenia in India. BMC Health Service Research 2012;12:42. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-42]
    1. Chatterjee S, Naik S, John S, Dabholkar H, Balaji M, Koschorke M, et al. Effectiveness of a community-based intervention for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers in India (COPSI): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 2014;383(9926):1385-94. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62629-X]
    1. Chatterjee S, Leese M, Koschorke M, McCrone P, Naik S, John S, et al. Collaborative community based care for people and their families living with schizophrenia in India: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2011;12(1):12.
    1. Koschorke M, Padmavati R, Kumar S, Cohen A, Weiss HA, Chatterjee S, et al. Experiences of stigma and discrimination of people with schizophrenia in India. Social Science and Medicine 2014;123:149-59.
Chen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chen S, Conwell Y, He J, Lu N, Wu J. "Depression care management for adults older than 60 years in primary care clinics in urban China: a cluster-randomised trial". Erratum. Lancet Psychiatry 2015;2(5):378. [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366%2815%2900162-5]
    1. Chen S, Conwell Y, Xu B, Chiu H, Tu X, Ma Y. Depression care management for late-life depression in China primary care: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2011;12 CNO-00792546:121. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-121]
    1. Chen S, Conwell Y, He J, Lu N, Wu J. Depression care management for adults older than 60 years in primary care clinics in urban China: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2015;2(4):332-9. [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00002-4]
    1. Chen S, Fang Y, Li L, Fan H. Collaborative late-life depression care management in urban China primary care. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 2012;4:97. [DOI: 10.1111/appy.12004]
Chibanda 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chibanda D, Shetty AK, Tshimanga M, Woelk G, Stranix-Chibanda L, Rusakaniko S. Group problem-solving therapy for postnatal depression among HIV-positive and HIV-negative mothers in Zimbabwe. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care 2014;13(4):335-41. [DOI: 10.1177/2325957413495564]
Chibanda 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chibanda D, Bowers T, Verhey R, Rusakaniko S, Abas M, Weiss HA, et al. The Friendship Bench programme: a cluster randomised controlled trial of a brief psychological intervention for common mental disorders delivered by lay health workers in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2015;9(1):21. [DOI: ]
    1. Chibanda D, Weiss HA, Verhey R, Simms V, Munjoma R, Rusakaniko S, et al. Effect of a primary care-based psychological intervention on symptoms of common mental disorders in Zimbabwe: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;316(24):2618-26. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.19102]
Christoff 2015 {published data only}
    1. Christoff AO, Boerngen-Lacerda R. Reducing substance involvement in college students: a three-arm parallel-group randomized controlled trial of a computer-based intervention. Addictive Behaviors 2015;45:164-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.019]
Connolly 2011 {published data only}
    1. Connolly S, Sakai C. Brief trauma intervention with Rwandan genocide-survivors using thought field therapy. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2011;13(3):161-72.
Dawson 2016 {published data only}
    1. Dawson KS, Schafer A, Anjuri D, Ndogoni L, Musyoki C, Sijbrandij M, et al. Feasibility trial of a scalable psychological intervention for women affected by urban adversity and gender-based violence in Nairobi. BMC Psychiatry 2016;16(1):410. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1117-x]
Dias 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dias A, Dewey ME, D'Souza J, Dhume R, Motghare DD, Shaji KS, et al. The effectiveness of a home care program for supporting caregivers of persons with dementia in developing countries: a randomised controlled trial from Goa, India. PLOS One 2008;3(6):e2333.
Divan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Divan G, Vajaratkar V, Cardozo P, Huzurbazar S, Verma M, Howarth E, et al. The feasibility and effectiveness of PASS Plus, a lay health worker delivered comprehensive intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorders: pilot RCT in a rural low and middle income country setting. Autism Research 2019;12(2):328-39. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1978]
    1. ISRCTN10260663. Autism identification and moving towards treatments (Swamagnata Aakalan and Upacharachi Disha [SAAD]). 2016.
Dybdahl 2001 {published data only}
    1. Dybdahl R. Child Development and Impact of Stress on Young Children. An Intervention Programme for Mothers. Prepared for the UNICEF/Centre for Crisis Psychology Psychosocial Project 1999.
    1. Dybdahl R. Children and mothers in war. Child Development 2001;72(4):1214-30.
Ertl 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ertl V, Pfeiffer A, Schauer A, Elbert T, Neuner F. Community-implemented trauma therapy for former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: a randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2011;306(5):503-12.
Fritsch 2007 {published data only}
    1. Fritsch R, Araya R, Solis J, Montt E, Pilowsky D, Rojas G. A randomised trial of pharmacotherapy with telephone monitoring to improve treatment of depression in primary care in Santiago, Chile. Revista Medica de Chile 2007;135(5):587-95.
Fuhr 2019 {published data only}
    1. Fuhr DC, Weobong B, Lazarus A, Vanobberghen F, Weiss HA, Singla DR, et al. Delivering the Thinking Healthy Programme for perinatal depression through peers: an individually randomised controlled trial in India. Lancet Psychiatry 2019;6(2):115-27. [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30466-8]
Gavrilova 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gavrilova SI, Ferri CP, Mikhaylova N, Sokolova O, Banerjee S, Prince M. Helping carers to care - the 10/66 dementia research group's randomised control trial of a caregiver intervention in Russia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009;24(4):347-54.
Gordon 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gordon JS, Staples JK, Blyta A, Bytyqi M, Wilson AT. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in postwar Kosovar adolescents using mind-body skills groups: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008;69(9):1469-76.
    1. Gordon JS, Staples JK, Blyta A, Bytyqi M. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in postwar Kosovo high school students using mind-body skills groups: a pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2004;17(2):143-7.
Gureje 2019 (EXPONATE) {published data only}
    1. Gureje O, Oladeji BD, Araya R, Montgomery AA, Kola L, Kirmayer L, et al. Expanding care for perinatal women with depression (EXPONATE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of an intervention package for perinatal depression in primary care. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:136. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0537-3]
    1. Gureje O, Oladeji BD, Montgomery AA, Araya R, Bello T, Chisholm D, et al. High- versus low-intensity interventions for perinatal depression delivered by non-specialist primary maternal care providers in Nigeria: cluster randomised controlled trial (the EXPONATE trial). British Journal of Psychiatry 2019;215(3):528-35. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.4]
Gureje 2019 (STEPCARE) {published data only}
    1. Gureje O, Oladeji BD, Araya R, Montgomery AA. A cluster randomized clinical trial of a stepped care intervention for depression in primary care (STEPCARE) - study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:148. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0542-6]
    1. Gureje O, Oladeji BD, Montgomery AA, Bello T, Kola L, Ojagbemi A, et al. Effect of a stepped-care intervention delivered by lay health workers on major depressive disorder among primary care patients in Nigeria (STEPCARE): a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Global Health 2019;7(7):e951-60. [DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30148-2]
HuisIntVeld 2019 {published data only}
    1. Huis In 't Veld D, Skaal L, Peltzer K, Colebunders R, Ndimande JV, Pengpid S. The efficacy of a brief intervention to reduce alcohol misuse in patients with HIV in South Africa: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2012;13(1):190. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-190]
    1. Huis in ‘t Veld D, Ensoy-Musoro C, Pengpid S, Peltzer K, Colebunders R. The efficacy of a brief intervention to reduce alcohol use in persons with HIV in South Africa: a randomized clinical trial. PLOS ONE 2019;14(8):e0220799.
Humeniuk 2012 {published data only}
    1. Humeniuk R, Ali R, Babor T, Souza-Formigoni ML, Lacerda RB, Ling W, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for illicit drugs linked to the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in clients recruited from primary health-care settings in four countries. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2012;107(5):957-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03740.x]
    1. Humeniuk R, Dennington V, Ali R, on behalf of the WHO ASSIST Phase III Study Group. The Effectiveness of a Brief Intervention for Illicit Drugs Linked to the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) in Primary Health Care Settings: A Technical Report of Phase III Findings of the WHO ASSIST Randomized Controlled Trial. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, World Health Organization, 2008.
Indu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Indu PS, Anilkumar TV, Vijayakumar K, Kumar KA, Sarma PS, Remadevi S, et al. Effectiveness of community-based depression intervention programme (ComDIP) to manage women with depression in primary care - randomised control trial. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2018;34:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.04.022]
Jenkins 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jenkins R, Othieno C, Okeyo S, Kaseje D, Aruwa J, Oyugi H, et al. Short structured general mental health in service training programme in Kenya improves patient health and social outcomes but not detection of mental health problems - a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2013;7(1):25. [DOI: ]
    1. Jenkins R, Kiima D, Njenga F, Okonji M, Kingora J, Kathuku D, et al. Integration of mental health into primary care in Kenya. World Psychiatry 2010;9(2):118-20.
    1. Jenkins R, Kiima D, Okonji M, Njenga F, Kingora J, Lock S. Integration of mental health into primary care and community health working in Kenya: context, rationale, coverage and sustainability. Mental Health in Family Medicine 2010;7(1):37-47.
    1. Jenkins R. Assessment of the impact of a Kenya Medical Training College delivered structured five day training programme on mental health core concepts, skills and competencies on mental health for primary care staff in Kenya. ISRCTN53515024; 2012.
Jiang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Jiang N, Hu H, Chen Y. Effect of spiritual support model based on cloud platform on mild to moderate depression among community empty nests. Hu Li Yan Jiu [Chinese Nursing Research] 2017;31:2325-8. [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2017.19.008]
Jordans 2010 {published data only}
    1. Jordans MJ, Komproe IH, Tol WA, Kohrt BA, Luitel NP, Macy RD, et al. Evaluation of a classroom-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected Nepal: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 2010;51(7):818-26.
Jordans 2019 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN72875710. An evaluation of the effectiveness of a psychological treatment for moderate to severe depression and harmful or dependent drinking in rural communities in Nepal. 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN72875710]
    1. Jordans MJ, Luitel NP, Garman E, Kohrt BA, Rathod SD, Shrestha P, et al. Effectiveness of psychological treatments for depression and alcohol use disorder delivered by community-based counsellors: two pragmatic randomised controlled trials within primary healthcare in Nepal. British Journal of Psychiatry 2019;215(2):485-93. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.300]
Khan 2017 {published data only}
    1. Khan MN, Dherani M, Chiumento A, Atif N, Bristow K, Sikander S, et al. Evaluating feasibility and acceptability of a local psycho-educational intervention for pregnant women with common mental problems affected by armed conflict in Swat, Pakistan: a parallel randomized controlled feasibility trial. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2017;63(8):724-35. [DOI: 10.1177/0020764017734001]
Khan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Khan MN, Hamdani SU, Chiumento A, Dawson K, Bryant RA, Sijbrandij M, et al. Evaluating feasibility and acceptability of a group WHO trans-diagnostic intervention for women with common mental disorders in rural Pakistan: a cluster randomised controlled feasibility trial. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 2019;28(1):77-87. [DOI: 10.1017/S2045796017000336]
Li 2002 {published data only}
    1. Li X, Li X, Ma X, Ni Y. Effects of social rehabilitation of late-onset schizophrenia. Zhongguo Xin Li Wei Sheng Za Zhi [Chinese Mental Health Journal] 2002;16(10):711-3.
Li 2018 {published data only}
    1. Li L, Hien NT, Liang LJ, Lin C, Lan CW, Lee SJ, et al. Efficacy of communication training of community health workers on service delivery to people who inject drugs in Vietnam: a clustered randomized trial. American Journal of Public Health 2018;108:791-8. [DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304350]
Ling 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ling S, Zhao C, Yang W, Wang R, Jin Z, Ma T, et al. Efficacy of family intervention on schizophrenics in remission in community: result of one year follow-up study. Zhongguo Xin Li Wei Sheng Za Zhi [Chinese Mental Health Journal] 1999;13(06):325-7.
Lund 2020 {published data only}
    1. Davies T, Schneider M, Nyatsanza M, Lund C. “The sun has set even though it is morning”: experiences and explanations of perinatal depression in an urban township, Cape Town. Transcult Psychiatry 2016;53(3):286-312. [DOI: 10.1177/1363461516632389]
    1. Lund C, Alem A, Schneider M, Hanlon C, Ahrens J, Bandawe C, et al. Generating evidence to narrow the treatment gap for mental disorders in sub-Saharan Africa: rationale, overview and methods of AFFIRM. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 2015;24(3):233-40. [DOI: 10.1017/S2045796015000281]
    1. Lund C, Schneider M, Davies T, Nyatsanza M, Honikman S, Bhana A, et al. Task sharing of a psychological intervention for maternal depression in Khayelitsha, South Africa: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2014;15(1):457. [DOI: ]
    1. Lund C, Schneider M, Garman EC, Davies T, Munodawafa M, Honikman S, et al. Task-sharing of psychological treatment for antenatal depression in Khayelitsha, South Africa: effects on antenatal and postnatal outcomes in an individual randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2020;130:103466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103466]
    1. Munodawafa M, Lund C, Schneider M. A process evaluation exploring the lay counsellor experience of delivering a task shared psycho-social intervention for perinatal depression in Khayelitsha, South Africa. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17(1):236. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1397-9]
    1. PACTR201403000676264. AFFIRM-SA trial. 2013.
Malakouti 2015 {published data only}
    1. Malakouti SK, Mirabzadeh A, Nojomi M, Ahmadi TA, Nadarkhani F, Mirzaie M, et al. Clinical outcomes and cost effectiveness of two aftercare models provided by general physicians and nurses to patients with severe mental illness. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran 2015;29:196.
Marais 2011 {published data only}
    1. Marais S, Jordaan E, Viljoen D, Olivier L, De Waal J, Poole C. The effect of brief interventions on the drinking behaviour of pregnant women in a high-risk rural South African community: a cluster randomised trial. Early Child Development and Care 2011;181:463-74. [DOI: 10.1080/03004430903450392]
Matsuzaka 2017 {published data only}
    1. Matsuzaka CT, Wainberg M, Norcini PA, Hoffmann EV, Coimbra BM, Braga RF, et al. Task shifting interpersonal counseling for depression: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial in primary care. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17(1):225. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1379-y]
Meffert 2014 {published data only}
    1. Meffert SM, Abdo AO, Alla OA, Elmakki YO, Omer AA, Yousif S, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for Sudanese refugees in Cairo, Egypt. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2014;6(3):240-9. [DOI: 10.1037/a0023540]
Mertens 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mertens JR, Ward CL, Bresick GF, Broder T, Weisner CM. Effectiveness of nurse-practitioner-delivered brief motivational intervention for young adult alcohol and drug use in primary care in South Africa: a randomized clinical trial. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) 2014;49(4):430-8. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu030]
Milani 2015 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201202159027N1. The effect of volunteer’s telephone-based support on the effect of telephone-based support on postnatal depression. 2012.
    1. Milani HS, Azargash E, Beyraghi N, Defaie S, Asbaghi T. Effect of telephone-based support on postpartum depression: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Fertility & Sterility 2015;9:247-53.
Momeni 2016 {published data only}
    1. Momeni K, Shalani B. The effectiveness of group drawing on aggression reduction in hyperactive-aggressive students. Developmental Psychology: Journal of Iranian Psychologists 2016;13(49):71-7.
Murphy 2020 {published data only}
    1. Murphy J, Goldsmith CH, Jones W, Oanh PT, Nguyen VC. The effectiveness of a supported self-management task-shifting intervention for adult depression in Vietnam communities: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2017;18(1):209. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1924-5]
    1. Murphy J, Oanh PT, Goldsmith CH, Jones W, Nguyen VC. Introducing supported self-management for depression to primary care in Vietnam: a feasibility study in preparation for a randomized controlled trial. Families Systems & Health 2018;36(2):210.
    1. Murphy JK, Xie H, Nguyen VC, Chau LW, Oanh PT, Nhu TK, et al. Is supported self-management for depression effective for adults in community-based settings in Vietnam? A modified stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2020;14:8. [DOI: 10.1186/s13033-020-00342-1]
Murray 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kane JC, Murray LK, Cohen J, Dorsey S, Skavenski van Wyk S, Galloway Henderson J, et al. Moderators of treatment response to trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy among youth in Zambia. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2016;57(10):1194-202. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12623]
    1. Murray L, Kane J, Bolton P, Imasiku M. A randomized effectiveness trial of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for trauma affected children in Lusaka, Zambia. In: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Vol. 55. 2016:S279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.201]
    1. Murray LK, Skavenski S, Kane JC, Mayeya J, Dorsey S, Cohen JA, et al. Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy among trauma-affected children in Lusaka, Zambia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics 2015;169(8):761-9. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0580]
Nadkarni 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nadkarni A, Velleman R, Dabholkar H, Shinde S, Bhat B, McCambridge J, et al. The systematic development and pilot randomized evaluation of counselling for alcohol problems, a lay counselor-delivered psychological treatment for harmful drinking in primary care in India: the PREMIUM study. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 2015;39(3):522-31. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12653]
    1. Nadkarni A, Weobong B, Weiss HA, McCambridge J, Bhat B, Katti B, et al. Counselling for Alcohol Problems (CAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for harmful drinking in men, in primary care in India: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 2017;389(10065):186-95. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31590-2]
    1. Nadkarni A, Weiss HA, Weobong B, McDaid D, Singla DR, Park AL, et al. Sustained effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Counselling for Alcohol Problems, a brief psychological treatment for harmful drinking in men, delivered by lay counsellors in primary care: 12-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. PLOS Medicine/Public Library of Science 2017;14(9):e1002386. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002386]
    1. Patel V, Weobong B, Nadkarni A, Weiss HA, Anand A, Naik S, et al. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of lay counsellor-delivered psychological treatments for harmful and dependent drinking and moderate to severe depression in primary care in India: PREMIUM study protocol for randomized controlled trials. Trials 2014;15(1):101.
Nadkarni 2019 {published data only}
    1. Nadkarni A, Weiss HA, Velleman R, McCambridge J, McDaid D, Park AL, et al. Feasibility, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of a brief, lay counsellor-delivered psychological treatment for men with alcohol dependence in primary care: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2019;114:1192-203. [DOI: 10.1111/add.14630]
Neuner 2008 {published data only}
    1. Neuner F, Onyut PL, Ertl V, Odenwald M, Schauer E, Elbert T. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counsellors in an African refugee settlement: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008;76(4):686-94. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.4.686]
    1. Neuner F, Onyut PL, Ertl V, Odenwald M, Schauer E, Elbert T. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counsellors in an African refugee settlement. 2007.
Niemi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Niemi M, Kiel S, Allebeck P, Hoan le T. Community-based intervention for depression management at the primary care level in Ha Nam province, Vietnam: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2016;21(5):654-61. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12674]
Noknoy 2010 {published data only}
    1. Noknoy S, Rangsin R, Saengcharnchai P, Tantibhaedhyangkul U, McCambridge J. RCT of effectiveness of motivational enhancement therapy delivered by nurses for hazardous drinkers in primary care units in Thailand. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) 2010;45(3):263-70.
O'Callaghan 2013 {published data only}
    1. O'Callaghan P, McMullen J, Shannon C, Rafferty H, Black A. A randomized controlled trial of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually exploited, war-affected Congolese girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2013;52(4):359-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.01.013]
    1. O'Callaghan P, Shannon C. An RCT of trauma focused-cognitive behavioral therapy with sexually exploited, war-affected girls in the DRC. 2011.
O'Callaghan 2014 {published data only}
    1. O'Callaghan P, Branham L, Shannon C, Betancourt TS, Dempster M, McMullen J. A pilot study of a family focused, psychosocial intervention with war-exposed youth at risk of attack and abduction in north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Child Abuse & Neglect 2014;38(7):1197-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.004]
    1. Shannon C. Is a family-based, life skills focused intervention effective in reducing psychological distress and stigma and improving inter-personal relations and functioning among former LRA abductees and other war-affected children in their community in Dungu, the Democratic Republic of Congo? 2012.
O'Callaghan 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT01509872. Psychological and psychosocial intervention with war-affected children. 2011.
    1. O'Callaghan P, McMullen J, Shannon C, Rafferty H. Comparing a trauma focused and non trauma focused intervention with war affected Congolese youth: a preliminary randomised trial. Intervention 2015;13(1):28-44. [DOI: ]
Oladeji 2015 {published data only}
    1. Oladeji BD, Kola L, Abiona T, Montgomery AA, Araya R, Gureje O. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a stepped care intervention package for depression in primary care in Nigeria. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15(1):96. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0483-0]
Papas 2011 {published data only}
    1. NCT00792519. Cognitive behavioral treatment to reduce alcohol use among HIV-infected Kenyans (KHBS). 2008.
    1. Papas RK, Sidle JE, Gakinya BN, Baliddawa JB, Martino S, Mwaniki MM, et al. Treatment outcomes of a stage 1 cognitive-behavioral trial to reduce alcohol use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected out-patients in Western Kenya. Addiction 2011;106(12):2156-66.
    1. Papas RK, Sidle JE, Martino S, Baliddawa JB, Songole R, Omolo OE, et al. Systematic cultural adaptation of cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce alcohol use among HIV-infected outpatients in western Kenya. AIDS and Behavior 2010;14(3):669-78.
Papas 2020 {published data only}
    1. Galárraga O, Gao B, Gakinya BN, Klein DA, Wamai RG, Sidle JE, et al. Task-shifting alcohol interventions for HIV+ persons in Kenya: a cost-benefit analysis. BMC Health Services Research 2017;17(1):239. [DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2169-4]
    1. NCT01503255. A stage 2 cognitive-behavioral trial: Reduce Alcohol First in Kenya intervention. 2016.
    1. Papas RK, Gakinya BN, Mwaniki MM, Lee H, Keter AK, Klein DA, et al. Successful treatment outcomes from a stage 2 randomized clinical trial of CBT to reduce alcohol use among HIV-infected outpatients in Western Kenya. In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. Vol. Conference: 40th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism. United States. 41. 2017:253A. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.13391]
    1. Papas RK, Sidle JE, Martino S, Baliddawa JB, Songole R, Omolo OE, et al. Systematic cultural adaptation of cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce alcohol use among HIV-infected outpatients in western Kenya. AIDS Behavior 2010;14(3):669-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10461-009-9647-6]
    1. Papas RK, Gakinya BN, Mwaniki MM, Lee H, Keter AK, Martino S, et al. A randomized clinical trial of a group cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce alcohol use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected out-patients in western Kenya [Epub ahead of print]. Addiction 2020;10.1111/add.15112:no pagination. [DOI: 10.1111/add.15112]
Patel 2010 {published data only}
    1. Buttorff C, Hock RS, Weiss HA, Naik S, Araya R, Kirkwood BR, et al. Economic evaluation of a task-shifting intervention for common mental disorders in India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2012;90:813-21.
    1. Patel V, Weiss HA, Chowdhary N, Naik S, Pednekar S, Chatterjee S, et al. Effectiveness of an intervention led by lay health counsellors for depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care in Goa, India (MANAS): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;376(9758):2086-95.
    1. Patel VH, Kirkwood BR, Pednekar S, Araya R, King M, Chisholm D, et al. Improving the outcomes of primary care attenders with common mental disorders in developing countries: a cluster randomised controlled trial of a collaborative stepped care intervention in Goa, India. Trials 2008;9:4. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-9-4]
    1. Shinde S, Andrew G, Bangash O, Cohen A, Kirkwood B, Patel V. The impact of a lay counselor led collaborative care intervention for common mental disorders in public and private primary care: a qualitative evaluation nested in the MANAS trial in Goa, India. Social Science & Medicine 2013 Jul 1;88:48-55.
Patel 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chowdhary N, Anand A, Dimidjian S, Shinde S, Weobong B, Balaji M, et al. The Healthy Activity Program lay counsellor delivered treatment for severe depression in India: systematic development and randomised evaluation. British Journal of Psychiatry 2016;208(4):381-8. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.161075]
    1. Patel V, Weobong B, Weiss HA, Anand A, Bhat B, Katti B, et al. The Healthy Activity Program (HAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for severe depression, in primary care in India: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 2017;389(10065):176-85. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31589-6]
    1. Patel V, Araya R, Chowdhary N, King M, Kirkwood B, Nayak S, et al. Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India: a comparison of five screening questionnaires. Psychological Medicine 2008;38(2):221.
    1. Weobong B, Weiss HA, McDaid D, Singla DR, Hollon SD, Nadkarni A, et al. Sustained effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Healthy Activity Programme, a brief psychological treatment for depression delivered by lay counsellors in primary care: 12-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. PLOS Medicine/Public Library of Science 2017;14(9):e1002385. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002385]
Peltzer 2013 {published data only}
    1. Peltzer K, Naidoo P, Louw J, Matseke G, Zuma K, McHunu G, et al. Screening and brief interventions for hazardous and harmful alcohol use among patients with active tuberculosis attending primary public care clinics in South Africa: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2013;13:699. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-699]
Peltzer 2019 {published data only}
    1. Jones D, Peltzer K, Weiss SM, Sifunda S, Dwane N, Ramlagan S, et al. Implementing comprehensive prevention of mother-to-child transmission and HIV prevention for South African couples: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014;15(1):417.
    1. Peltzer K, Abbamonte JM, Mandell LN, Rodriguez VJ, Lee TK, Weiss SM, et al. The effect of male involvement and a prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) intervention on depressive symptoms in perinatal HIV-infected rural South African women. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2020;12(1):101-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00737-019-00955-7]
Pengpid 2013 {published data only}
    1. Pengpid S, Peltzer K, Heever H, Skaal L. Screening and brief interventions for hazardous and harmful alcohol use among university students in South Africa: results from a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2013;10(5):2043-57. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10052043]
Petersen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Petersen I, Hanass Hancock J, Bhana A, Govender K. A group-based counselling intervention for depression comorbid with HIV/AIDS using a task shifting approach in South Africa: a randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Affective Disorders 2014;158:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.013]
Pradeep 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pradeep J, Isaacs A, Shanbag D, Selvan S, Srinivasan K. Enhanced care by community health workers in improving treatment adherence to antidepressant medication in rural women with major depression. Indian Journal of Medical Research 2014;139(2):236-45.
Rahman 2008 {published data only}
    1. Rahman A, Malik A, Sikander S, Roberts C, Creed F. Cognitive behaviour therapy-based intervention by community health workers for mothers with depression and their infants in rural Pakistan: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372(9642):902-9.
    1. Rahman A. Challenges and opportunities in developing a psychological intervention for perinatal depression in rural Pakistan - a multi-method study. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2007;10(5):211-9.
Rahman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Rahman A, Hamdani SU, Awan NR, Bryant RA, Dawson KS, Khan MF, et al. Effect of a multicomponent behavioral intervention in adults impaired by psychological distress in a conflict-affected area of Pakistan: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;316(24):2609-17. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.17165]
    1. Sijbrandij M, Farooq S, Bryant RA, Dawson K, Hamdani SU, Chiumento A, et al. Problem management plus (PM+) for common mental disorders in a humanitarian setting in Pakistan; study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT). BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:232. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0602-y]
    1. Sijbrandij M, Farooq S, Bryant RA, Dawson K, Hamdani SU, Chiumento A, et al. Correction to: Problem management plus (PM+) for common mental disorders in a humanitarian setting in Pakistan; study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT). BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):1.
Rahman 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chiumento A, Hamdani SU, Khan MN, Dawson K, Bryant RA, Sijbrandij M, et al. Evaluating effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a group psychological intervention using cognitive behavioural strategies for women with common mental disorders in conflict-affected rural Pakistan: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2017;18:190. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1905-8]
    1. Rahman A, Hamdani SU, Awan NR, Bryant RA, Dawson KS, Khan MF, et al. Effect of a multicomponent behavioral intervention in adults impaired by psychological distress in a conflict-affected area of Pakistan: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;316(24):2609-17.
    1. Rahman A, Khan MN, Hamdani SU, Chiumento A, Akhtar P, Nazir H, et al. Effectiveness of a brief group psychological intervention for women in a post-conflict setting in Pakistan: a single-blind, cluster, randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 2019;393(10182):1733-44. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32343-2]
    1. Sijbrandij M, Farooq S, Bryant RA, Dawson K, Hamdani SU, Chiumento A, et al. Correction to: Problem management plus (PM+) for common mental disorders in a humanitarian setting in Pakistan; study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT). BMC Psychiatry 2018;18:331. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1922-5]
Rojas 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rojas G, Fritsch R, Solis J, Jadresic E, Castillo C, Gonzalez M, et al. Treatment of postnatal depression in low-income mothers in primary-care clinics in Santiago, Chile: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370(9599):1629-37.
Shaw 2018 {published data only}
    1. Shaw SA, Ward KP, Pillai V, Hinton DE. A group mental health randomized controlled trial for female refugees in Malaysia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2019;89(6):665-674. [DOI: 10.1037/ort0000346]
Shen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Shen Y, Xiong Y, Li G. Application of club day rehabilitation model in patients with episode schizophrenia during recovery period. Hu Li Yan Jiu [Chinese Nursing Research] 2016;30:1453-5. [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2016.12.014]
Sherman 2009 {published data only}
    1. German D, Sutcliffe CG, Sirirojn B, Sherman SG, Latkin CA, Aramrattana A, et al. Unanticipated effect of a randomised peer network intervention on depressive symptoms among young methamphetamine users in Thailand. Journal of Community Psychology 2012;40(7):799-813.
    1. Sutcliffe C, Srirojn B, Latkin CA, Aramratanna A, Celentano DD, Sherman SG. Evaluation of a peer network intervention trial among young methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Social Science & Medicine 2009;68(1):69-79.
Sikander 2019 {published data only}
    1. Atif N, Krishna RN, Sikander S, Lazarus A, Nisar A, Ahmad I, et al. Mother-to-mother therapy in India and Pakistan: adaptation and feasibility evaluation of the peer-delivered Thinking Healthy Programme. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17(1):79. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1244-z]
    1. Atif N, Nisar A, Bibi A, Khan S, Zulfiqar S, Ahmad I, et al. Scaling-up psychological interventions in resource-poor settings: training and supervising peer volunteers to deliver the 'Thinking Healthy Programme' for perinatal depression in rural Pakistan. Global Mental Health 2019;6:e4. [DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2019.4]
    1. Sikander S, Ahmad I, Atif N, Zaidi A, Vanobberghen F, Weiss HA, et al. Delivering the Thinking Healthy Programme for perinatal depression through volunteer peers: a cluster randomised controlled trial in Pakistan. Lancet Psychiatry 2019;6(2):128-39. [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30467-X]
    1. Sikander S, Lazarus A, Bangash O, Fuhr DC, Weobong B, Krishna RN, et al. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the peer-delivered Thinking Healthy Programme for perinatal depression in Pakistan and India: the SHARE study protocol for randomised controlled trials. Trials 2015;16:534. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-1063-9]
Sorsdahl 2015 {published data only}
    1. Dwommoh R, Sorsdahl K, Myers B, Asante KP, Naledi T, Stein DJ, et al. Brief interventions to address substance use among patients presenting to emergency departments in resource poor settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2018;16:24. [DOI: 10.1186/s12962-018-0109-8]
    1. Myers B, Westhuizen C, Naledi T, Stein DJ, Sorsdahl K. Readiness to change is a predictor of reduced substance use involvement: findings from a randomized controlled trial of patients attending South African emergency departments. BMC Psychiatry 2016;16:35.
    1. Sorsdahl K, Stein D, Corrigall J, Cuijpers P, Smits N, Naledi T, et al. The efficacy of a blended motivational interviewing and problem solving therapy intervention to reduce substance use among patients presenting for emergency services in South Africa: a randomized controlled trial. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2015;10:46. [DOI: 10.1186/s13011-015-0042-1]
Tan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Tan B, Xiang EP, He YF. Effect of community prevention and treatment in patients with schizophrenia and their family economic burden [Chinese]. Zhongguo Lin Chuang Kang Fu [Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation] 2005;9(28):24-6.
Tol 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jordans MJ, Komproe IH, Tol WA, De Jong JT. Screening for psychosocial distress amongst war‐affected children: cross‐cultural construct validity of the CPDS. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2009;50(4):514-23.
    1. Jordans MJ, Komproe IH, Tol WA, Susanty D, Vallipuram A, Ntamatumba P, et al. Practice-driven evaluation of a multi-layered psychosocial care package for children in areas of armed conflict. Community Mental Health Journal 2011;47(3):267-77.
    1. Jordans MJ, Ventevogel P, Komproe IH, Tol WA, Jong JT. Development and validation of the child psychosocial distress screener in Burundi. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2008;78(3):290-9.
    1. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJ, Gross AL, Susanty D, Macy RD, et al. Mediators and moderators of a psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010;78(6):818-28.
    1. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJ, Susanty D, De Jong JT. Developing a function impairment measure for children affected by political violence: a mixed methods approach in Indonesia. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2011;23(4):375-83.
    1. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Susanty D, Jordans MJ, Macy RD, De Jong Joop TV. School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: a cluster randomised trial. JAMA 2008;300(6):655-62.
Tol 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jordans MJ, Komproe IH, Tol WA, Susanty D, Vallipuram A, Ntamatumba P, et al. Practice-driven evaluation of a multi-layered psychosocial care package for children in areas of armed conflict. Community Mental Health Journal 2011;47(3):267-77.
    1. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJ, Vallipuram A, Sipsma H, Sivayokan S, et al. Outcomes and moderators of a preventive school-based mental health intervention for children affected by war in Sri Lanka: a cluster randomised trial. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) 2012;11(2):114-22.
Tol 2020 {published data only}
    1. Brown FL, Carswell K, Augustinavicius J, Adaku A, Leku MR, White RG, et al. Self Help Plus: study protocol for a cluster-randomised controlled trial of guided self-help with South Sudanese refugee women in Uganda. Global Mental Health 2018;5:e27. [DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2018.17]
    1. ISRCTN50148022. Self-help plus (SH+) for South Sudanese refugees in Uganda. 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN50148022]
    1. Tol WA, Leku MR, Lakin DP, Carswell K, Augustinavicius J, Adaku A, et al. Guided self-help to reduce psychological distress in South Sudanese female refugees in Uganda: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet Global Health 2020;8(2):e254-63. [DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30504-2]
Weiss 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mahmooth Z, Weiss WM, Zangana GA, Bolton P. Study participant reported outcomes of mental health interventions: results from a randomized controlled trial among survivors of systematic violence in southern Iraq. Global Mental Health 2018;5:e19. [DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2018.11]
    1. Weiss WM, Murray LK, Zangana GA, Mahmooth Z, Kaysen D, Dorsey S, et al. Community-based mental health treatments for survivors of torture and militant attacks in southern Iraq: a randomized control trial. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:249. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0622-7]
Wu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wu F, Shi X, Mo Z. Self-care theory with collaborative care model applied in community-based rehabilitation of patients with mental illness. Hu Li Yan Jiu [Chinese Nursing Research] 2016;30:3495-8. [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2015.28.012]
Xie 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT02785211. A modified behavioral activation treatment for geriatric depressive symptoms in left-behind elderly in rural China. 2016.
    1. Xie J, He G, Ding S, Pan C, Zhang X, Zhou J, et al. A randomized study on the effect of modified behavioral activation treatment for depressive symptoms in rural left-behind elderly. Psychotherapy Research 2019;29(3):372-82. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2017.1364444]
Yao 2014 {published data only}
    1. Yao ZZ, Xu Q, Wu LF, Fu WZ, Lu Y, Zhao AP. Effects of day nursing care in community on social function of patients with chronic schizophrenia. [Chinese]. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Medical Science) 2014;34(6):830-5. [DOI: ]
Yeomans 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yeomans PD, Forman EM, Herbert JD, Yuen E. A randomized trial of a reconciliation workshop with and without PTSD psychoeducation in Burundian sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2010;23(2):305-12.
Zhong 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zhong N, Yuan Y, Chen H, Jiang H, Du J, Sun H, et al. Effects of a randomized comprehensive psychosocial intervention based on cognitive behavioral therapy theory and motivational interviewing techniques for community rehabilitation of patients with opioid use disorders in Shanghai, China. Journal of Addiction Medicine 2015;9(4):322-30. [DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000139]
References to studies excluded from this review Adina 2017 {published data only}
    1. Adina JO, Maritim EK, Sindabi AM, Disiye MA. Effect of cognitive behaviour therapy on depressive symptoms among HIV-infected outpatients in Kenya. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy 2017;17(2):161-73.
Agberotimi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Agberotimi SF, Osinowo HO, Asagba RB. Efficacy of compassion-focused therapy in a sample of youth with substance use disorder in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies 2017;16:107-16.
Akol 2018 {published data only}
    1. Akol A, Babirye JN, Makumbi F, Engebretsen IMS. Effect of primary health care worker training on identification of child-and adolescent mental health conditions: a randomised controlled trial in Uganda. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2017;22:283. [DOI: 10.1111/(ISSN)1365-3156]
    1. Akol A, Makumbi F, Babirye JN, Nalugya JS, Nshemereirwe S, Engebretsen IMS. Does mhGAP training of primary health care providers improve the identification of child- and adolescent mental, neurological or substance use disorders? Results from a randomized controlled trial in Uganda. Global Mental Health 2018;5:e29. [DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2018.18]
Alexander 2013 {published data only}
    1. Alexander CL, Arnkoff D, Glass CR, Kaburu AW. Detecting depression in rural primary care clinics in central Kenya: impact of a brief training intervention. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation 2013;2:14-28. [DOI: 10.1037/a0031360]
Assanangkornchai 2012 {published data only}
    1. Assanangkornchai S, Nima P. Screening and brief intervention for harmful alcohol and drug use in primary care and community settings in Thailand. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2012;36:24A. [DOI: ]
Avci 2016 {published data only}
    1. Avci D, Kelleci M. Effects of the Anger Coping Programme based on cognitive behavioural techniques on adolescents' anger, aggression and psychological symptoms. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2016;22(2):189-96. [DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12410]
Bagaiolo 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bagaiolo LF, Mari JJ, Bordini D, Ribeiro TC, Martone MCC, Caetano SC, et al. Procedures and compliance of a video modeling applied behavior analysis intervention for Brazilian parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism 2017;21(5):603-10. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361316677718]
Baker 2005a {published data only}
    1. Baker-Henningham H, Powell C. The effect of early stimulation on maternal depression: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2005;80:1230-4.
Bass 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bass J, Poudyal B, Tol W, Murray L, Nadison M, Bolton P. A controlled trial of problem-solving counselling for war-affected adults in Aceh, Indonesia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2012;47(2):279-91.
Botha 2018 {published data only}
    1. Botha UA, Koen L, Mazinu M, Jordaan E, Niehaus DJ. Brief report: a randomized control trial assessing the influence of a telephone-based intervention on readmissions for patients with severe mental illness in a developing country. Community Mental Health Journal 2018;54(2):197-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s10597-016-0069-4]
Brown 2009 {published data only}
    1. Brown L, Thurman TR. Impact of a mentoring program on psychosocial wellbeing of youth in Rwanda: results of a quasi-experimental study. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 2009;4(4):288-99.
Cai 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cai J, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Wang Y, Zhang C. Comprehensive family therapy: an effective approach for cognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2015;11:1247-53. [DOI: ]
Chaowanee 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chaowanee L, Darawan T, Ratchneewan R, Wanchai L. The Thai group cognitive behavior therapy intervention program for depressive symptoms among older women: a randomized controlled trial. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research 2018;22:74-85.
Chawarski 2008 {published data only}
    1. Chawarski MC, Mazlan M, Schottenfeld RS. Behavioral drug and HIV risk reduction counseling (BDRC) with abstinence-contingent take-home buprenorphine: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008;94(1-3):281-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.008]
Chen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chen CH, Tseng YF, Chou F-H, Wang S-Y. Effects of support group intervention in postnatally distressed women: a controlled study in Taiwan. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2000;49:395-9.
Chien 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chien WT, Bressington D, Yip A, Karatzias T. An international multi-site, randomized controlled trial of a mindfulness-based psychoeducation group programme for people with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 2017;47(12):2081-96. [DOI: 10.1017/S0033291717000526]
Conde 2018 {published data only}
    1. Conde K, Brandariz RA, Lichtenberger A, Cremonte M. The effectiveness of a brief intervention for reducing adolescent alcohol consumption. Revista Ciencias de la Salud 2018;16:393-407. [DOI: 10.12804/]
Damra‐Jalal  2014 {published data only}
    1. Damra Jalal KM, Nassar YH, Ghabri Thaer MF. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy: cultural adaptations for application in Jordanian culture. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 2014;27(3):308-23. [DOI: ]
Danaee‐Far 2016 {published data only}
    1. Danaee-Far M, Maarefvand M, Rafiey H. Effectiveness of a brief home-based social work motivational intervention for male methamphetamine users in Tehran: a randomized clinical trial. Substance Use & Misuse 2016;51(14):1863-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1200620]
Dawson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dawson K, Joscelyne A, Meijer C, Steel Z, Silove D, Bryant RA. A controlled trial of trauma-focused therapy versus problem-solving in Islamic children affected by civil conflict and disaster in Aceh, Indonesia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2018;52(3):253-61. [DOI: 10.1177/0004867417714333]
Firn 2019 {published data only}
    1. Firn M, Alonso-Vicente M, Hubbeling D. The Ferrari v the bicycle. Luo X, Law SF, Wang X, et al. Effectiveness of an assertive community treatment program for people with severe schizophrenia in mainland China – a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine 2018. Cambridge University Press 2019;49:1. [DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002179]
Fleischmann 2008 {published data only}
    1. Fleischmann A, Bertolote JM, Wasserman D, De Leo D, Bolhari J, Botega NJ, et al. Effectiveness of brief intervention and contact for suicide attempters: a randomized controlled trial in five countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2008;86(9):703-9.
Green 2019 {published data only}
    1. Green EP, Cho H, Gallis J, Puffer ES. The impact of school support on depression among adolescent orphans: a cluster-randomized trial in Kenya. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2019;60(1):54-62. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12955]
Gu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gu J, Lau JT, Xu H, Zhong Y, Hao Y, Zhao Y, et al. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the relative efficacy of the addition of a psycho-social intervention to standard-of-care services in reducing attrition and improving attendance among first-time users of methadone maintenance treatment in China. AIDS and Behavior 2013;17(6):2002-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10461-012-0393-9]
Guerra 2011 {published data only}
    1. Guerra M, Ferri CP, Fonseca M, Banerjee S, Prince M. Helping carers to care: the 10/66 dementia research group's randomized control trial of a caregiver intervention in Peru. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2011;33(1):47.
Guo 2019a {published data only}
    1. Guo ZH, Li ZJ, Ma Y, Sun J, Guo JH, Li WX, et al. Erratum: brief cognitive-behavioural therapy for patients in the community with schizophrenia: randomised controlled trial in Beijing, China - expression of concern (British Journal of Psychiatry 2017;210:3(223-9). DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.183285). British Journal of Psychiatry 2019;214:119. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.198]
Hamadani 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hamadani JD, Huda SN, Khatun F, Grantham-McGregor SM. Psychosocial stimulation improves the development of undernourished children in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Nutrition 2006;136(10):2645-52.
Hamdani 2017a {published data only}
    1. Hamdani SU, Ahmed Z, Sijbrandij M, Nazir H, Masood A, Akhtar P, et al. Problem Management Plus (PM+) in the management of common mental disorders in a specialized mental healthcare facility in Pakistan; study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2017;11:40. [DOI: 10.1186/s13033-017-0147-1]
Han 2013 {published data only}
    1. Han CK, Ssewamala FM, Wang JS. Family economic empowerment and mental health among AIDS-affected children living in AIDS-impacted communities: evidence from a randomised evaluation in southwestern Uganda. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2013;67(3):225-30. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2012-201601]
Hassanzadeh 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hassanzadeh M, Khajeddin N, Nojomi M, Fleischmann A, Eshrati T. Brief intervention and contact after deliberate self-harm: an Iranian randomized controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences 2010;4(2):5-12.
Hegde 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hegde S, Rao SL, Raguram A, Gangadhar BN. Addition of home-based cognitive retraining to treatment as usual in first episode schizophrenia patients: a randomized controlled study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2012;54(1):15-22. [DOI: ]
Huang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Huang KY, Nakigudde J, Rhule D, Gumikiriza-Onoria JL, Abura G, Kolawole B, et al. Transportability of an evidence-based early childhood intervention in a low-income African country: results of a cluster randomized controlled study. Prevention Science 2017;18(8):964-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11121-017-0822-0]
Huang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Huang H-C, Liu S-I, Hwang L-C, Sun F-J, Tjung J-J, Huang C-R, et al. The effectiveness of culturally sensitive collaborative treatment of depressed Chinese in family medicine clinics: a randomized controlled trial. General Hospital Psychiatry 2018;50:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.10.002]
IRCT2016042527584N1 2016 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016042527584N1. Effect of mindfulness based on acceptance and commitment on mental health of the elderly. Trialid=irct2016042527584n1; 2016.
ISRCTN72875710 2014 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN72875710. An evaluation of the effectiveness of a psychological treatment for moderate to severe depression and harmful or dependent drinking in rural communities in Nepal. 2014.
Jacob 2014 {published data only}
    1. Jacob N, Neuner F, Maedl A, Schaal S, Elbert T. Dissemination of psychotherapy for trauma spectrum disorders in postconflict settings: a randomized controlled trial in Rwanda. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2014;83(6):354-63. [DOI: 10.1159/000365114]
Jacobs 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jacobs P, Estrada YA, Tapia MI, Quevedo Teran AM, Condo Tamayo C, Alban Garcia M, et al. Familias Unidas for high risk adolescents: study design of a cultural adaptation and randomized controlled trial of a U.S. drug and sexual risk behavior intervention in Ecuador. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;47:244-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.01.014]
Kauye 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kauye F, Jenkins R, Rahman A. Training primary health care workers in mental health and its impact on diagnoses of common mental disorders in primary care of a developing country, Malawi: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine 2014;44(3):657-66. [DOI: 10.1017/S0033291713001141]
Knettel 2019 {published data only}
    1. Knettel BA, Mulawa MI, Knippler ET, Ciya N, Robertson C, Joska JA, et al. Women’s perspectives on ImpACT: a coping intervention to address sexual trauma and improve HIV care engagement in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV 2019;31(11):1389-96. [DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2019.1587368]
Lara 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lara MA, Navarro C, Navarrete L. Outcome results of a psycho-educational intervention in pregnancy to prevent PPD: a randomized control trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 2010;122(1-2):109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.024]
Layne 2008 {published data only}
    1. Layne CM, Saltzman WR, Poppleton L, Burlingame GM, Pasalic A, Durakovic E, et al. Effectiveness of a school-based group psychotherapy program for war-exposed adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(9):1048-62. [DOI: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31817eecae]
Li 1989 {published data only}
    1. Li SC. A report on a feasibility test of "community control of epilepsy" proposed by WHO. Chinese Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 1989;22(3):144-7.
Li 2017 {published data only}
    1. Li J. A randomized controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of a positive psychology and social networking intervention in reducing depressive symptoms among HIV-infected men who have sex with men in China. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2017;77:No Pagination Specified.
Li 2017a {published data only}
    1. Li R, Shi G, Ji J, Wang H, Wang W, Wang M, et al. A 2-year longitudinal psychological intervention study on the prevention of Internet addiction in junior high school students of Jinan City. Biomedical Research (India) 2017;28(22):10033-8.
Li 2018a {published data only}
    1. Li J, Huang YG, Ran MS, Fan Y, Chen W, Evans-Lacko S, et al. Community-based comprehensive intervention for people with schizophrenia in Guangzhou, China: effects on clinical symptoms, social functioning, internalized stigma and discrimination. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2018;34:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.04.017]
Li 2018b {published data only}
    1. Li HH, Li CL, Gao D, Pan XY, Du L, Jia FY. Preliminary application of Early Start Denver Model in children with autism spectrum disorder. Zhongguo Dangdai Erke Zazhi 2018;20:793-8.
Liao 2018 {published data only}
    1. Liao SJ, Chong MC, Tan MP, Chua YP. Tai Chi with music improves quality of life among community-dwelling older persons with mild to moderate depressive symptoms: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.) 2019;40(2):154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2018.08.001]
    1. Liao SJ, Tan MP, Chong MC, Chua YP. The impact of combined music and tai chi on depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older persons: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2018;39(5):398-402. [DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1417519]
Liu 2005 {published data only}
    1. Liu H-Z, Zheng Y, Chen X-S, Jia J-P, Ye Y. Effects of early psychosocial intervention on behavior problems of the only child [Chinese]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2005;9(32):98-100.
Liu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Liu P, Song R, Zhang Y, Liu C, Cai B, Liu X, et al. Educational and behavioral counseling in a methadone maintenance treatment program in China: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2018;9(no pagination):113. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00113]
Long 2015 {published data only}
    1. Long F, Yan J, Hu P, Xia M, Liu H, Gu C. Effect of group counseling on depression, compliance and blood sugar level in diabetic patients. Zhong Nan da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban [Journal of Central South University. Medical Sciences] 2015;40(8):879-85. [DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2015.08.009]
Loughry 2006 {published data only}
    1. Loughry M, Ager A, Flouri E, Khamis V, Afana AH, Qouta S. The impact of structured activities among Palestinian children in a time of conflict. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2006;47(12):1211-8.
Manwong 2018 {published data only}
    1. Manwong M, Lohsoonthorn V, Booranasuksakul T, Chaikoolvatana A. Effects of a group activity-based motivational enhancement therapy program on social media addictive behaviors among junior high school students in Thailand: a cluster randomized trial. Psychology Research & Behavior Management 2018;11:329-39. [DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S168869]
Marchira 2018 {published data only}
    1. Marchira CR, Suprianto I, Subandi MA, Del Vecchio Good M-J, Good BJ. The effectiveness of a brief interactive psychoeducational intervention for persons living with first episode psychosis and family caregivers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2018;12:28. [DOI: 10.1111/eip.12722]
Marchira 2019 {published data only}
    1. Marchira CR, Supriyanto I, Subandi S, Good MJD, Good BJ. Brief interactive psychoeducation for caregivers of patients with early phase psychosis in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2019;13:469-76. [DOI: 10.1111/eip.12506]
McMullen 2013 {published data only}
    1. McMullen J, O'Callaghan P, Shannon C, Black A, Eakin J. Group trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy with former child soldiers and other war-affected boys in the DR Congo: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2013;54(11):1231-41. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12094]
Mehrabi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Mehrabi T, Musavi T, Ghazavi Z, Zandieh Z, Zamani A. The impact of group therapy training on social communications of Afghan immigrants. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 2011;16(2):148-52.
Miranda‐Castillo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Miranda-Castillo C, Tapia FM, Herrera AR, Ghigliotto FM, Guerra LS. Implementation of a cognitive stimulation program for people with Alzheimer disease: a pilot study in a Chilean elderly sample. Universitas Psychologica 2013;12(2):445-55.
Molazem 2014 {published data only}
    1. Molazem Z, Falahati T, Jahanbin I, Jafari P, Ghadakpour S. The effect of psycho-educational interventions on the quality of life of the family caregivers of the patients with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery 2014;2:31-9.
Moshki 2014 {published data only}
    1. Moshki M, Hassanzade T, Taymoori P. Effect of life skills training on drug abuse preventive behaviors among university students. International Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014;5(5):577-83.
Mousavi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Mousavi S, Pahlavanzadeh S, Maghsoudi J. Evaluating the effect of a need-based program for caregivers on the stress, anxiety, depression, and the burden of care in families of children with attention deficit-hyperactive disorder. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 2019;24:96-101. [DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_11_17]
Mushtaq 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mushtaq A, Lochman JE, Tariq PN, Sabih F. Preliminary effectiveness study of coping power program for aggressive children in Pakistan. Prevention Science 2017;18(7):762-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0721-9]
Mutiso 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mutiso V, Tele A, Gitonga I, Musau A, Musyimi C, Ndetei D. Effectiveness of life skills education and psychoeducation on emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents in institutional care in Kenya: a longitudinal study. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2018;23(4):351-8. [DOI: 10.1111/camh.12232]
Naeem 2011 {published data only}
    1. Naeem F, Waheed W, Gobbi M, Ayub M, Kingdon D. Preliminary evaluation of culturally sensitive CBT for depression in Pakistan: findings from developing culturally-sensitive CBT project (DCCP). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2011;39(2):165-73. [DOI: 10.1017/s1352465810000822]
Nagarajaiahnull 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nagarajaiah N, Jothimani G, Parthasarathi R, Reddemma K, Giri AT. Efficacy of nursing interventions in reducing social and occupational disabilities among patients with neurosis. Nursing Journal of India 2012;103(6):256-60.
Naidoo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Naidoo SS, Gathiram P, Schlebusch L. Effectiveness of a buddy intervention support programme for suicidal behaviour in a primary care setting. South African Family Practice 2014;56(5):263-70. [DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2014.980159]
Nakimuli‐Mpungu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Wamala K, Okello J, Alderman S, Odokonyero R, Musisi S, et al. Outcomes, feasibility and acceptability of a group support psychotherapeutic intervention for depressed HIV-affected Ugandan adults: a pilot study. Journal of Affective Disorders 2014;166:144-50. [DOI: ]
NCT00539123 2007 {published data only}
    1. NCT00539123. Drug counseling and abstinent-contingent take-home buprenorphine in Malaysia. 2007.
NCT01523444 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT01523444. Advancing adolescent screening and brief intervention protocols in primary care settings. 2016.
NCT02598024 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02598024. Treating earthquake in Nepal trauma (TENT) trial 2016. 2015.
NCT03754829 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03754829. Effectiveness of a web and mobile guided psychological intervention for depressive symptoms in Turkey. 2018.
NCT03884933 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT03884933. Large scale implementation of community based mental health care for people with severe and enduring mental ill health in Europe. 2019.
NCT03912753 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03912753. Building mobile HIV prevention and mental health support in low-resource settings. 2019.
NCT03966885 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT03966885. Zambia common elements treatment approach pilot study. 2020.
Nwobi 2018 {published data only}
    1. Nwobi UA, Eseadi C, Emeka O, Ekwealor N, Ogbonnaya KA, Oboegbulem AI, et al. A stress management intervention for adults living with HIV in Nigerian community settings: an effects study. Medicine 2018;97(44):e12801. [DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012801]
Orang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Orang T, Ayoughi S, Moran JK, Ghaffari H, Mostafavi S, Rasoulian M, et al. The efficacy of narrative exposure therapy in a sample of Iranian women exposed to ongoing intimate partner violence - a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 2018;25(6):827-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2318]
Orawan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Orawan P, Linchong P, Khanokporn S, Totsaporn K. A randomized controlled trial of enhancing positive aspects of caregiving in Thai dementia caregivers for dementia. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research 2018;22(2):131-43.
Oveisi 2010 {published data only}
    1. Oveisi S, Ardabili HE, Dadds MR, Majdzadeh R, Mohammadkhani P, Rad JA, et al. Primary prevention of parent-child conflict and abuse in Iranian mothers: a randomized-controlled trial. Child Abuse & Neglect 2010;34(3):206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.05.008]
PACTR201310000589295 2013 {published data only}
    1. PACTR201310000589295. Psychosocial treatment for methamphetamine use disorders in South Africa: a pilot study of a cognitive behavioural therapy program. 2013.
Paddick 2017 {published data only}
    1. Paddick S-M, Mkenda S, Mbowe G, Kisoli A, Gray WK, Dotchin CL, et al. Cognitive stimulation therapy as a sustainable intervention for dementia in sub-Saharan Africa: feasibility and clinical efficacy using a stepped-wedge design - ERRATUM. International Psychogeriatrics 2017;29(6):979-89. [DOI: 10.1017/S1041610217000163]
Pahlavanzadeh 2010 {published data only}
    1. Pahlavanzadeh S, Heidari FG, Maghsudi J, Ghazavi Z, Samandari S. The effects of family education program on the caregiver burden of families of elderly with dementia disorders. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 2010;15(3):102.
Palavras 2015 {published data only}
    1. Palavras MA, Hay P, Touyz S, Sainsbury A, da Luz F, Swinbourne J, et al. Comparing cognitive behavioural therapy for eating disorders integrated with behavioural weight loss therapy to cognitive behavioural therapy-enhanced alone in overweight or obese people with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2015;16(no pagination):578. [DOI: ]
Pang 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pang Y, Lin C, Wang S, 庞月岱, 王淑君, 李秀华, et al. The effect of health education on compliance of patients with paranoid schizophrenia in their follow up therapy. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2002;16(5):348-50.
Prince 2007 {published data only}
    1. Prince M. 10/66 Dementia Research Group randomised controlled trial: helping carers to care - Peru. Trialid=isrctn66355402; 2007.
Qouta 2018 {published data only}
    1. Qouta SR, Palosaari E, Diab M, Punamaki R-L. "Intervention effectiveness among war-affected children: a cluster randomized controlled trial on improving mental health": erratum. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2018;31:163-4. [DOI: 10.1002/jts.22225]
Rahman 2019a {published data only}
    1. Rahman A, Akhtar P, Hamdani SU, Atif N, Nazir H, Uddin I, et al. Using technology to scale-up training and supervision of community health workers in the psychosocial management of perinatal depression: a non-inferiority, randomized controlled trial. Global Mental Health 2019;6:e8. [DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2019.7]
    1. Zafar S, Sikander S, Hamdani SU, Atif N, Akhtar P, Nazir H, et al. The effectiveness of technology-assisted cascade training and supervision of community health workers in delivering the Thinking Healthy Program for perinatal depression in a post-conflict area of Pakistan - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2016;17:188. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1308-2]
Ran 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ran M-S, Xiang M-Z, Chan CL-W, Leff J, Simpson P, Huang M-S, et al. Effectiveness of psychoeducational intervention for rural Chinese families experiencing schizophrenia-a randomised controlled trial. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2003;38(2):69-75.
Razali 2000 {published data only}
    1. Razali SM, Hasanah CI, Khan UA, Subramaniam M. Psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England) 2000;9(3):283-9.
Reddy 2019 {published data only}
    1. Reddy NV, Omkarappa DB. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression among menopausal woman: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care 2019;8:1002-6. [DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_396_18]
Ross 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ross R, Sawatphanit W, Suwansujarid T, Stidham AW, Drew BL, Creswell JW. The effect of telephone support on depressive symptoms among HIV-infected pregnant women in Thailand: an embedded mixed methods study. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 2013;24(5):e13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2012.08.005]
Rossouw 2018 {published data only}
    1. Rossouw J, Yadin E, Alexander D, Mbanga I, Jacobs T, Seedat S. A pilot and feasibility randomised controlled study of prolonged exposure treatment and supportive counselling for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents: a third world, task-shifting, community-based sample. Trials [electronic resource] 2016;17(1):548. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1677-6]
    1. Rossouw J, Yadin E, Alexander D, Seedat S. Prolonged exposure therapy and supportive counselling for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents: task-shifting randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2018;213:587-94. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.130]
    1. Rossouw J, Yadin E, Alexander D, Seedat S. Prolonged exposure therapy and supportive counselling for posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents in a community-based sample, including experiences of stakeholders: study protocol for a comparative randomized controlled trial using task-shifting. BMC Psychiatry 2018;18:288. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1873-x]
    1. Rossouw J, Yadin E, Mbanga I, Jacobs T, Rossouw W, Alexander D, et al. Prolonged exposure treatment for PTSD in a third-world, taskshifting, community-based environment. South African Journal of Psychiatry 2015;21:127. [DOI: 10.7196/SAJP.8782]
    1. de Water T, Rossouw J, Yadin E, Seedat S. Impediments and catalysts to task-shifting psychotherapeutic interventions for adolescents with PTSD: perspectives of multi-stakeholders. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Mental Health [electronic resource] 2017;11:48. [DOI: 10.1186/s13034-017-0187-y]
Samaraweera 2007 {published data only}
    1. Samaraweera S, Sivayogan S, Sumathipala A, Bhugra D, Siribaddana S. RCT of cognitive behaviour therapy in active suicidal ideation - a feasibility study in Sri Lanka. European Journal of Psychiatry 2007;21(3):175-8. [DOI: 10.4321/S0213-61632007000300001]
Schade 2011 {published data only}
    1. Schade N, Torres P, Beyebach M. Cost-efficiency of a brief family intervention for somatoform patients in primary care. Families Systems & Health 2011;29(3):197-205. [DOI: 10.1037/a0024563]
Schapira 2010 {published data only}
    1. Schapira M, Camera L, Finkelsztein C, Matusevich D, Smietniansky M, Esteban J, et al. A multidisciplinary program for the treatment and follow up of depression in ambulatory elderly. Vertex: Revista Argentina de Psiquiatria 2010;21(92):284-90.
Senanarong 2004 {published data only}
    1. Senanarong V, Jamjumras P, Harmphadungkit K, Klubwongs M, Udomphanthurak S, Poungvarin N, et al. A counseling intervention for caregivers: effect on neuropsychiatric symptoms. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2004;19(8):781-8.
Sharifi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sharifi V, Tehranidoost M, Yunesian M, Amini H, Mohammadi M, Roudsari MJ. Effectiveness of a low-intensity home-based aftercare for patients with severe mental disorders: a 12-month randomized controlled study. Community Mental Health Journal 2012;48(6):766-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10597-012-9516-z]
Sheikh 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sheikh WA, Paul R, Banda H, Agath K, Luty J. Impact of brief relapse prevention intervention in patients with alcohol dependence in Zambia. Journal of Substance Use 2017;22(1):113-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1090494]
Shen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Shen L, Yang L, Zhang J, Zhang M. Benefits of expressive writing in reducing test anxiety: a randomized controlled trial in Chinese samples. PLOS ONE [electronic resource] 2018;13(2):e0191779. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191779]
Shin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Shin JY, Nhan NV, Lee S-B, Crittenden KS, Flory M, Hong HTD. The effects of a home-based intervention for young children with intellectual disabilities in Vietnam. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2009;53(4):339-52.
Shin 2013 {published data only}
    1. Shin S, Livchits V, Connery HS, Shields A, Yanov S, Yanova G, et al, Tomsk Tuberculosis Alcohol Working Group. Effectiveness of alcohol treatment interventions integrated into routine tuberculosis care in Tomsk, Russia. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2013;108(8):1387-96. [DOI: 10.1111/add.12148]
Shin 2017 {published data only}
    1. Shin JY, Nguyen Duc S. The effects of a home-based intervention conducted by college students for young children with developmental delays in Vietnam. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities 2017;63(2):110-23. [DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2016.1144316]
Soares 2018 {published data only}
    1. Soares J, Vargas D. Effectiveness of brief group intervention in the harmful alcohol use in primary health care. Revista de Saude Publica 2018;53:4. [DOI: 10.11606/S1518-8787.2019053000498]
Steinert 2017 {published data only}
    1. Steinert C, Bumke PJ, Hollekamp RL, Larisch A, Leichsenring F, Mattheß H, et al. Resource activation for treating post-traumatic stress disorder, co-morbid symptoms and impaired functioning: a randomized controlled trial in Cambodia. Psychological Medicine 2017;47(3):553-64. [DOI: 10.1017/S0033291716002592]
Sumathipala 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sumathipala A, Siribaddana S, Abeysingha MR, De Silva P, Dewey M, Prince M, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy v. structured care for medically unexplained symptoms: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008;193(1):51-9. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043190]
Tao 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tao J, Zeng Q, Liang J, Zhou A, Yin X, Xu A. Effects of cognitive rehabilitation training on schizophrenia: 2 years of follow-up. African Journal of Psychiatry (South Africa) 2015;18(SpeciaI Issue):1-4. [DOI: ]
Thabet 2005 {published data only}
    1. Thabet AA, Vostanis P, Karim K. Group crisis intervention for children during ongoing war conflict. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2005;14(5):262-9.
Thomas 2017 {published data only}
    1. Thomas B, Watson B, Senthil EK, Deepalakshmi A, Balaji G, Chandra S, et al. Alcohol intervention strategy among tuberculosis patients: a pilot study from South India. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2017;21(8):947-52. [DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0693]
Tian 2005 {published data only}
    1. Tian S, Li S, Xie Z. Influence of family nursing intervention on therapeutic effect of childhood patients with schizophrenia of first episode. Chinese Nursing Research 2005;19(8B):1551-2.
Tian 2006 {published data only}
    1. Tian B, Zhao ZH, Li XK. Effect of relax training on different kinds of test anxiety. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;10:27-9.
Tiwari 2005 {published data only}
    1. Tiwari A, Leung WC, Leung TW, Humphreys J, Parker B, Ho PC. A randomised controlled trial of empowerment training for Chinese abused pregnant women in Hong Kong. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2005;112(9):1249-56.
Tiwari 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tiwari A, Fong DYT, Yuen KH, Yuk H, Pang P, Humphreys J, et al. Effect of an advocacy intervention on mental health in Chinese women survivors of intimate partner violence: a randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304(5):536-43.
Tomlinson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tomlinson M, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Harwood J, le Roux IM, O'Connor M, Worthman C. Community health workers can improve child growth of antenatally depressed, South African mothers: a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15(1):225. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0606-7]
Tripathy 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tripathy P, Nair N, Barnett S, Mahapatra R, Borghi J, Rath S, et al. Effect of a participatory intervention with women's groups on birth outcomes and maternal depression in Jharkhand and Orissa, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;375(9721):1182-92.
Ugwoke 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ugwoke SC, Eseadi C, Onuigbo LN, Aye EN, Akaneme IN, Oboegbulem AI, et al. A rational-emotive stress management intervention for reducing job burnout and dysfunctional distress among special education teachers. Medicine (United States) 2018;97(17):e0475. [DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010475]
Unterhitzenberger 2014 {published data only}
    1. Unterhitzenberger J, Rosner R. Lessons from writing sessions: a school-based randomized trial with adolescent orphans in Rwanda. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2014;5:24917. [DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.24917]
Visagie 2015 {published data only}
    1. Visagie L, Loxton H, Silverman WK. Research protocol: development, implementation and evaluation of a cognitive behavioural therapy-based intervention programme for the management of anxiety symptoms in South African children with visual impairments. African Journal of Disability 2015;4:160. [DOI: 10.4102/ajod.v4i1.160]
Vitriol 2010 {published data only}
    1. Vitriol VG, Ballesteros ST, Florenzano RU, Weil KP, Benadof DF. Evaluation of an outpatient intervention for women with severe depression and a history of childhood trauma SRCH - Ml-09-2009. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) 2010;60(7):936-42. [DOI: 10.1176/ps.2009.60.7.936]
Vreeman 2018 {published data only}
    1. Vreeman R, Nyandiko W, Marete I, Mwangi A, McAteer C, Keter A, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of a patient-centered disclosure counseling intervention for Kenyan children living with HIV. In: Journal of the International AIDS Society. Vol. 21. 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25148]
Wandera 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wandera B, Tumwesigye NM, Nankabirwa JI, Mafigiri DK, Parkes-Ratanshi RM, Kapiga S, et al. Efficacy of a single, brief alcohol reduction intervention among men and women living with HIV/AIDS and using alcohol in Kampala, Uganda: a randomized trial. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care 2017;16(3):276-85. [DOI: 10.1177/2325957416649669]
Wang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wang NS, RongQin LI, Zhan LY, Wang GS, Lin LIU, 王年生, et al. The effect of regular health education on rehabilitation of outpatients with schizophrenia in rural areas. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2008;22(10):709-12.
Wang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wang L, Zhou J, Yu X, Qiu J, Wang B. Psychosocial rehabilitation training in the treatment of schizophrenia outpatients: a randomized, psychosocial rehabilitation training- and monomedication-controlled study. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2013;29(2):597-600.
Wang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wang S-J, Bytyci A, Izeti S, Kallaba M, Rushiti F, Montgomery E, et al. A novel bio-psycho-social approach for rehabilitation of traumatized victims of torture and war in the post-conflict context: a pilot randomized controlled trial in Kosovo. Conflict & Health [electronic resource] 2017;10:34. [DOI: 10.1186/s13031-016-0100-y]
Wei 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wei SN, Liu L, Bi B, Li HY, Hou JL, Tan SY, et al. An intervention and follow-up study following a suicide attempt in the emergency departments of four general hospitals in Shenyang, China. Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention 2013;34(2):107-15. [DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000181]
Wolmer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Wolmer L, Laor N, Dedeoglu C, Siev J, Yazgan Y. Teacher-mediated intervention after disaster: a controlled three-year follow-up of children's functioning. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2005;46(11):1161-8.
Xiang 2006 {published data only}
    1. Xiang Y, Weng Y, Li W, Gao L, Chen G, Xie L, et al. Training patients with schizophrenia with the community re-entry module: a controlled study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2006;41(6):464-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00127-006-0050-6]
Xu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Xu DR, Xiao S, He H, Caine ED, Gloyd S, Simoni J, et al. Lay health supporters aided by mobile text messaging to improve adherence, symptoms, and functioning among people with schizophrenia in a resource-poor community in rural China (LEAN): a randomized controlled trial. PLOS Medicine/Public Library of Science 2019;16(4):e1002785. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002785]
Yildirim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yildirim A, Hacihasanoglu AR, Karakurt P. Effects of a nursing intervention program on the depression and perception of family functioning of mothers with intellectually disabled children. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2013;22(1-2):251-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04280.x]
Yildiz 2004 {published data only}
    1. Yildiz M, Veznedaroglu B, Eryavuz A, Kayahan B. Psychosocial skills training on social functioning and quality of life in the treatment of schizophrenia: a controlled study in Turkey. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 2004;8(4):219-25. [DOI: 10.1080/13651500410005595]
Zambori 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zambori J, Szadoczky E, Rozsa S, Furedi J. Cost-outcome of anxiety treatment intervention in primary care in Hungary. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 2002;5:115-20.
Zhang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zhang S, Wang H, Chen C, Zhou J, Wang X. Effcacy of Williams LifeSkills Training in improving psychological health of Chinese male juvenile violent offenders: a randomized controlled study. Neuroscience Bulletin 2015;31(1):53-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1492-6]
Zhao 1999 {published data only}
    1. Zhao B, Shen J, Shi Y. A comparative study on family intervention on schizophrenics in community. Chinese Mental Health Journal 1999;13:323-4.
Zhao 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zhao W, Law S, Luo X, Chow W, Zhang J, Zhu Y, et al. First adaptation of a family-based ACT model in Mainland China: a pilot project. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) 2015;66(4):438-41. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201400087]
Zhou 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhou B, Gu Y. Effect of self-management training on adherence to medications among community residents with chronic schizophrenia: a singleblind randomized controlled trial in Shanghai, China. Shanghai Jingshen Yixue 2014;26(6):332-8. [DOI: 10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.214076]
References to studies awaiting assessment Ali 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ali MK, Chwastiak L, Poongothai S, Emmert-Fees KM, Patel SA, Anjana RM, et al. Effect of a collaborative care model on depressive symptoms and glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol among patients with depression and diabetes in India: the INDEPENDENT randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020;324(7):651-62. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.11747]
    1. Kowalski AJ, Poongothai S, Chwastiak L, Hutcheson M, Tandon N, Khadgawat R, et al. The INtegrating DEPrEssioN and Diabetes treatmENT (INDEPENDENT) study: design and methods to address mental healthcare gaps in India. Contemporary Clinical trials 2017;60:113-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.06.013]
Anjara 2019 {published data only}
    1. Anjara SG, Bonetto C, Ganguli P, Setiyawati D, Mahendradhata Y, Yoga BH, et al. Can general practitioners manage mental disorders in primary care? A partially randomised, pragmatic, cluster trial. PLOS ONE 2019;14(11):e0224724. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224724]
Asadzadeh 2020 {published data only}
    1. Asadzadeh L, Jafari E, Kharaghani R, Taremian F. Effectiveness of midwife-led brief counseling intervention on post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety symptoms of women experiencing a traumatic childbirth: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20(1):142. [DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-2826-1]
Dorsey 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dorsey S, Lucid L, Martin P, King KM, O'Donnell K, Murray LK, et al. Effectiveness of task-shifted trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children who experienced parental death and posttraumatic stress in Kenya and Tanzania: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2020;77(5):464-73. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4475]
Gureje 2020a {published data only}
    1. Gureje O, Makanjuola V, Kola L, Yusuf B, Price L, Esan O, et al. COllaborative Shared care to IMprove Psychosis Outcome (COSIMPO): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2017;18(1):462. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2187-x]
    1. Gureje O, Appiah-Poku J, Bello T, Kola L, Araya R, Chisholm D, et al. Effect of collaborative care between traditional and faith healers and primary health-care workers on psychosis outcomes in Nigeria and Ghana (COSIMPO): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2020;396(10251):612-22. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30634-6]
Hartmann 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hartmann M, Datta S, Browne EN, Appiah P, Banay R, Caetano V, et al. A combined behavioral economics and cognitive behavioral therapy intervention to reduce alcohol use and intimate partner violence among couples in Bengaluru, India: results of a pilot study [Epub ahead of print]. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2020;20:886260519898431. [DOI: doi: 10.1177/0886260519898431]
Jordans 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jordans MJ, Luitel NP, Lund C, Kohrt BA. Evaluation of proactive community case detection to increase help seeking for mental health care: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Services 2020;71(8):810-5. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201900377]
Kamal 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kamal K, Sunita S, Karobi D, Abhishek G. Nurse-delivered screening and brief intervention among college students with hazardous alcohol use: a double-blind randomized clinical trial from India. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2020;55(3):284-90. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa014]
Markkula 2019 {published data only}
    1. Markkula N, Lehti V, Adhikari P, Peña S, Heliste J, Mikkonen E, et al. Effectiveness of non-medical health worker-led counselling on psychological distress: a randomized controlled trial in rural Nepal. Global Mental Health (Cambridge Core) 2019;6:e15. [DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2019.15]
    1. Markkula N, Lehti V, Adhikari P, Peña S, Heliste J, Mikkonen E, et al. Effectiveness of non-medical health worker-led counselling on psychological distress: a randomized controlled trial in rural Nepal - ADDENDUM. Global Mental Health (Cambridge Core) 2019;6:e19. [PMID: ]
Maselko 2020 {published data only}
    1. Maselko J, Sikander S, Turner EL, Bates LM, Ahmad I, Atif N, et al. Effectiveness of a peer-delivered, psychosocial intervention on maternal depression and child development at 3 years postnatal: a cluster randomised trial in Pakistan. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(9):775-87. [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30258-3]
    1. Maselko J, Sikander S, Turner EL, Bates LM, Ahmad I, Atif N, et al. Effectiveness of a peer-delivered, psychosocial intervention on maternal depression and child development at 3 years postnatal: a cluster randomised trial in Pakistan - Erratum. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;S2215-0366(20):30522-8. [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30522-8]
    1. NCT02658994. Thinking Healthy Program Peer Delivered Plus. 2019.
    1. Turner EL, Sikander S, Bangash O, Zaidi A, Bates L, Gallis J, et al. The effectiveness of the peer delivered Thinking Healthy Plus (THPP+) Programme for maternal depression and child socio-emotional development in Pakistan: study protocol for a three-year cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2016;17(1):442. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1530-y]
Michelson 2020 {published data only}
    1. Michelson D, Malik K, Krishna M, Sharma R, Mathur S, Bhat B, et al. Development of a transdiagnostic, low-intensity, psychological intervention for common adolescent mental health problems in Indian secondary schools. Behavior Research and Therapy 2020;130:103439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103439]
    1. Michelson D, Malik K, Parikh R, Weiss HA, Doyle AM, Bhat B, et al. Correction to Lancet Child and Adolescent Health 2020;4:571-82. Lancet Child and Adolescent Health 2020;4(9):e35. [DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30232-7]
    1. Michelson D, Malik K, Parikh R, Weiss HA, Doyle AM, Bhat B, et al. Effectiveness of a brief lay counsellor-delivered, problem-solving intervention for adolescent mental health problems in urban, low-income schools in India: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Child and Adolescent Health 2020;4(8):571-82. [DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30173-5]
    1. Parikh R, Michelson D, Malik K, Shinde S, Weiss HA, Hoogendoorn A, et al. The effectiveness of a low-intensity problem-solving intervention for common adolescent mental health problems in New Delhi, India: protocol for a school-based, individually randomized controlled trial with an embedded stepped-wedge, cluster randomized controlled recruitment trial. Trials 2020;20(1):568. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3573-3]
Nakimuli‐Mpungu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Musisi S, Wamala K, Okello J, Ndyanabangi S, Birungi J, et al. Recruitment and baseline characteristics of participants in the social, emotional, and economic empowerment through knowledge of group support psychotherapy study (SEEK-GSP): cluster randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2019;8:e11560. [DOI: 10.2196/11560]
    1. Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Musisi S, Wamala K, Okello J, Ndyanabangi S, Mojtabai R, et al. The effect of group support psychotherapy delivered by trained lay health workers for depression treatment among people with HIV in Uganda: protocol of a pragmatic, cluster randomized trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2017;6:e250. [DOI: 10.2196/resprot.8925]
    1. Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Musisi S, Wamala K, Okello J, Ndyanabangi S, Birungi J, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of group support psychotherapy delivered by trained lay health workers for depression treatment among people with HIV in Uganda: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Global Health 2020;8(3):e387-98. [DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30548-0]
    1. Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Musisi S, Wamala K, Okello J, Ndyanabangi S, Birungi J, Nanfuet al. Correction to Lancet Global Health 2020;8:e387-98. Lancet Global Health 2020;8(8):e1002. [DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30284-9]
Pan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Pan Y, Chen R. The effect of a nurse-led cognitive behavioral protocol on depressive symptoms and coping strategies of dementia caregivers. Journal of Nursing Research 2019;27(6):e55. [DOI: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000327]
Rodriguez 2019 {published data only}
    1. Rodriguez MA, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Su K, Xiao Z, Rosenthal MZ. Using non-specialist providers to improve treatment engagement in an online mindfulness intervention in China. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2020;130:103644. [DOI: ]
    1. Rodriguez MA. The use of task-sharing to improve treatment engagement in an online mindfulness intervention for stress among Chinese college students. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2019;80:No Pagination Specified.
Soares 2020 {published data only}
    1. Soares J, Vargas D. Group brief intervention: effectiveness in motivation to change alcohol intake [Intervención grupal breve: efectividad de motivación para cambios en el consumo de alcohol]. Revista Brasileira Enfermagem [online] 2020;73(1):e20180138. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0138]
Ward 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ward CL, Wessels IM, Lachman JM, Hutchings J, Cluver LD, Kassanjee R, et al. Parenting for lifelong health for young children: a randomized controlled trial of a parenting program in South Africa to prevent harsh parenting and child conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2020;61(4):503-12. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13129]
References to ongoing studies Akhtar 2020 {published data only}
    1. ACTN. Pilot study of testing group psychological help for adult Syrian refugees in Jordan. 2019.
    1. ACTRN. Testing group psychological help for adult Syrian refugees in Jordan. 2019.
    1. Akhtar A, Giardinelli L, Bawaneh A, Awwad M, Naser H, Whitney C, et al. STRENGTHS Consortium. Group problem management plus (gPM+) in the treatment of common mental disorders in Syrian refugees in a Jordanian camp: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):390. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08463-5]
Asher 2016 {published data only}
    1. Asher L, Fekadu A, Hanlon C, Mideksa G, Eaton J, Patel V, et al. Development of a community-based rehabilitation intervention for people with schizophrenia in Ethiopia. PLOS ONE 2015;10(11):e0143572. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143572]
    1. Asher L, De Silva M, Hanlon C, Weiss HA, Birhane R, Ejigu DA, et al. Community-based rehabilitation intervention for people with schizophrenia in Ethiopia (RISE): study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2016;17(1):299. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1427-9]
    1. Asher L, Hanlon C, Birhane R, Habtamu A, Eaton J, Weiss HA, et al. Community-based rehabilitation intervention for people with schizophrenia in Ethiopia (RISE): a 12 month mixed methods pilot study. BMC Psychiatry 2018;18:250. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1818-4]
Brown 2019 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN. Pilot study of testing group psychological help for young adolescent Syrian refugees in Jordan. 2018; 2018.
    1. Brown FL, Steen F, Taha K, Aoun M, Bryant RA, Jordans MJD, et al. STRENGTHS-consortium. Early Adolescent Skills for Emotions (EASE) intervention for the treatment of psychological distress in adolescents: study protocol for randomised controlled trials in Lebanon and Jordan. ERRATUM. Trials 2019;20(1):617.
    1. Brown FL, Steen F, Taha K, Aoun M, Bryant RA, Jordans MJD, et al. STRENGTHS-consortium. Early Adolescent Skills for Emotions (EASE) intervention for the treatment of psychological distress in adolescents: study protocol for randomised controlled trials in Lebanon and Jordan. Trials 2019;20(1):545. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3654-3]
    1. ISRCTN. Early Adolescent Skills for Emotions (EASE) for young adolescents in Lebanon. 2019; 2019.
Chen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chen S, Conwell Y, Xue J, Li LW, Tang W, Bogner HR, et al. Protocol of an ongoing randomized controlled trial of care management for comorbid depression and hypertension: the Chinese Older Adult Collaborations in Health (COACH) study. BMC Geriatrics 2018;18(1):124.
Chinoda 2020 {published data only}
    1. Chinoda S, Mutsinze A, Simms V, Beji-Chauke R, Verhey R, Robinson J, et al. Effectiveness of a peer-led adolescent mental health intervention on HIV virological suppression and mental health in Zimbabwe: protocol of a cluster-randomised trial. Global Mental Health (Cambridge Core) 2020;7:e23. [DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2020.14]
    1. PACTR. Operations research to estimate the effectiveness of a peer-led mental health intervention on virological suppression and mental health among adolescents with HIV in Zimbabwe. 2018; 2018.
Clair 2016 {published data only}
    1. Clair V, Mutiso V, Musau A, Frank E, Ndetei D. Online learning improves substance use care in Kenya: randomized control trial results and implications. In: Annals of Global Health. Conference: 7th Annual CUGH Conference: bridging to a sustainable future in global health. United States. Conference start: 20160409. Conference end: 20160411. Vol. 82. 2016:320-1.
Fairall 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fairall L, Petersen I, Zani B, Folb N, Georgeu-Pepper D, Selohilwe O, et al. Collaborative care for the detection and management of depression among adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: study protocol for the CobALT randomised controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):193. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2517-7]
    1. Lara F. Collaborative care for the detection and management of depression among adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. 2015.
Fawzi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Fawzi MC, Siril H, Larson E, Aloyce Z, Araya R, Kaale A, et al. Healthy Options: study protocol and baseline characteristics for a cluster randomized controlled trial of group psychotherapy for perinatal women living with HIV and depression in Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):80. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7907-6]
Gureje 2020b {published data only}
    1. Gureje O, Kola L, Oladeji BD, Abdulmalik J, Ayinde O, Zelkowitz P, et al. Responding to the challenge of Adolescent Perinatal Depression (RAPiD): protocol for a cluster randomized hybrid trial of psychosocial intervention in primary maternal care. Trials 2020;21(1):231. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4086-9]
Hanlon 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hanlon C, Alem A, Medhin G, Shibre T, Ejigu DA, Negussie H, et al. Task sharing for the care of severe mental disorders in a low-income country (TaSCS): study protocol for a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2016;17:76. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1191-x]
Hoffmann 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hoffmann EV, Duarte CS, Mello AF, Matsuzaka CT, Fossaluza V, De Mello MF. Child psychopathology after treatment of maternal depression in primary care in Brazil RTY. In: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Conference: 63rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. United States. Conference start: 20161024. Conference end: 20161029. Vol. 55. 2016:S255-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.476]
ISRCTN16463016 2017 {published data only}
    1. Torres-Castro S, Lopez-Ortega M, Martinez-Ruiz A, Gutierrez-Robledo LM, Guzman A. Pilot study and key feasibility factors of a staff training intervention and reduction of antipsychotic prescription practice in Mexican urban care homes: study protocol. Journal of Mental Health and Aging 2018;2(2):47-55.
    1. Torres-Castro S. 'PROCUIDA-dementia': a feasibility Mexican study investigating an optimised person-centred intervention to reduce antipsychotic medication and improve the quality of life of older people living in care homes. 2017. [DOI: ]
ISRCTN57805470 2019 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN. A collaborative care psychosocial intervention to improve late life depression in socioeconomically deprived areas of Guarulhos, Brazil: the PROACTIVE study. 2019.
ISRCTN62728852 2019 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN262728852. Improving TB outcomes by modifying life-style behaviours through a behavioural intervention comprising motivational interviewing counselling strategy augmented with subsequent short text messaging. 2018. [DOI: ]
    1. Moriarty AS, Louwagie GM, Mdege ND, Morojele N, Tumbo J, Omole OB, et al. ImPROving TB outcomes by modifying LIFE-style behaviours through a brief motivational intervention followed by short text messages (ProLife): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2019;20:457. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3551-9]
ISRCTN86760765 2017 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN86760765. Integrating depression management in HIV care in Uganda. 2017. [DOI: ]
Joag 2020 {published data only}
    1. Joag K, Kalha J, Pandit D, Chatterjee S, Krishnamoorthy S, Shields-Zeeman L, et al. Atmiyata, a community-led intervention to address common mental disorders: study protocol for a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial in rural Gujarat, India. Trials 2020;21(1):212. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4133-6]
    1. Kaustubh J. Atmiyata Gujarat: promoting wellbeing, reducing distress and improving access to mental health care through self-help groups and farmers clubs in rural Gujarat: transition to scale project. 2017.
Joska 2020 {published data only}
    1. Joska JA, Andersen LS, Smith-Alvarez R, Magidson J, Lee JS, O'Cleirigh C, et al. Correction: Nurse-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression among people living with HIV (the Ziphamandla study): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2020;9(9):e24074. [DOI: 10.2196/24074]
    1. Joska JA, Andersen LS, Smith-Alvarez R, Magidson J, Lee JS, O'Cleirigh C, et al. Nurse-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression among people living with HIV (the Ziphamandla study): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2020;9(2):e14200. [DOI: 10.2196/14200]
Kohrt 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kohrt BA, Jordans MJD, Turner EL, Sikkema KJ, Luitel NP, Rai S, et al. Reducing stigma among healthcare providers to improve mental health services (RESHAPE): protocol for a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial of a stigma reduction intervention for training primary healthcare workers in Nepal. Pilot & Feasibility Studies 2018;4:36. [DOI: 10.1186/s40814-018-0234-3]
Madhombiro 2017 {published data only}
    1. Madhombiro M, Dube-Marimbe B, Dube M, Chibanda D, Zunza M, Rusakaniko S, et al. A cluster randomised controlled trial protocol of an adapted intervention for alcohol use disorders in people living with HIV and AIDS: impact on alcohol use, general functional ability, quality of life and adherence to HAART. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17:44. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1208-3]
Myers 2018 {published data only}
    1. Myers B, Lund C, Lombard C, Joska J, Levitt N, Butler C, et al. Comparing dedicated and designated models of integrating mental health into chronic disease care: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2018;19:185. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2568-9]
NCT02185482 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02185482. Physician led counseling in management of depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. .
NCT03378544 2019 {published data only}
    1. Musyimi CW. Engaging traditional birth attendants to reduce maternal depression in rural Kenya. 2019.
NCT03430622 2019 {published data only}
    1. Nasim C. Effectiveness of a telephone based learning through play (LTP) plus interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for depressed mothers (Telemothercare). 2019.
NCT03587896 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT. Refugee emergency: defining and implementing novel evidence-based psychosocial interventions - the Turkey site. .
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NCT03887312 2019 {published data only}
    1. LBCTR. Phone-delivered psychological intervention (t-CETA) for mental health problems in 8-17 year-old Syrian refugee children. 2019; 2019.
NCT03912077 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT. Implementing psychosocial interventions to Syrian refugee women who are exposed to psychological trauma. 2019; 2019.
NCT03919695 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03919695. Development of an intervention to reduce heavy drinking and improve HIV care engagement among fisherfolk in Uganda. 2019; 2019.
NCT03922425 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT. Community-based mental health care for people with severe and enduring mental iII health (RECOVER-E). 2019; 2019.
NCT03960892 2019 {published data only}
    1. Uygun E, Ilkkursun Z, Sijbrandij M, Aker AT, Bryant R, Cuijpers P, et al. STRENGHTS consortium. Protocol for a randomized controlled trial: peer-to-peer Group Problem Management Plus (PM+) for adult Syrian refugees in Turkey. Trials 2020;21(1):283. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4166-x.]
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NCT03966833 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03966833. Using group interpersonal psychotherapy to improve the well-being of adolescent girls. 2019.
NCT04018391 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT. The TENDAI study: task shifting to treat depression and HIV medication nonadherence in low resource settings. 2019.
NCT04110405 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04110405. Scaling-up stepped care for women's mental health in primary care in an LMIC. ; 2019.
NCT04143009 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04143009. Adaptation of the friendship bench intervention for HIV-infected perinatal women in Lilongwe (Periscope). .
NCT04254393 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT. Early adolescent skills for emotions (EASE) - pilot cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) in public schools of rural Pakistan. 2020.
NCT04385498 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT. Primary care intervention for PTSD in Ethiopia. 2020.
Nusrat 2016 {published data only}
    1. Nusrat H, Batool F, Tayyeba K, Farah N, Ann M. Change your life with seven sheets of paper: a pilot randomized controlled trial for postnatal depression (CREATOR). European Psychiatry 2016;33(S1):S414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1496]
Onu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Onu C, Ongeri L, Bukusi E, Cohen CR, Neylan TC, Oyaro P, et al. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among HIV-positive women in Kisumu, Kenya: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [electronic resource] 2016;17(1):64. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1187-6]
PACTR201812802696820 {published data only}
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Petersen 2018 {published data only}
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Priebe 2019 {published data only}
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Sangraula 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sangraula M, Van't Hof E, Luitel NP, Turner EL, Marahatta K, Nakao JH, et al. Protocol for a feasibility study of group-based focused psychosocial support to improve the psychosocial well-being and functioning of adults affected by humanitarian crises in Nepal: group Problem Management Plus (PM+). Pilot & Feasibility Studies 2018;4:126. [DOI: 10.1186/s40814-018-0315-3]
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Schulte 2020 {published data only}
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Sharifi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sharifi V, Shahrivar Z, Zarafshan H, Ashkezary SB, Stuart E, Mojtabai R, et al. Collaborative care for child and youth mental health problems in a middle-income country: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial training general practitioners. Trials 2019;20(1):405. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3467-4]
Shepherd 2020 {published data only}
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Sijbrandij 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sijbrandij M, Bryant RA, Schafer A, Dawson KS, Anjuri D, Ndogoni L, et al. Problem management plus (PM+) in the treatment of common mental disorders in women affected by gender-based violence and urban adversity in Kenya; study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2016;10(1):44. [DOI: 10.1186/s13033-016-0075-5]
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SLCTR/2018/008 {published data only}
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Srinivasan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Krishnamachari S. Improving mental health through integration with primary care in rural Karnataka - HOPE. 2018.
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Surkan 2020 {published data only}
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Tol 2017 {published data only}
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Wagner 2019 {published data only}
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