Vasa Previa

Yinka Oyelese, Ali Javinani, Alireza A Shamshirsaz, Yinka Oyelese, Ali Javinani, Alireza A Shamshirsaz

Abstract

Vasa previa refers to unprotected fetal vessels running through the membranes over the cervix. Until recently, this condition was associated with an exceedingly high perinatal mortality rate attributable to fetal exsanguination when the membranes ruptured. However, ultrasonography has made it possible to diagnose the condition prenatally, allowing cesarean delivery before labor or rupture of the membranes. Several recent studies have indicated excellent outcomes with prenatally diagnosed vasa previa. However, outcomes continue to be dismal when vasa previa is undiagnosed before labor. Risk factors for vasa previa include second-trimester placenta previa and low-lying placentas, velamentous cord insertion, placentas with accessory lobes, in vitro fertilization, and multifetal gestations. Recognition of individuals who are at risk and screening them will greatly decrease the mortality rate from this condition. Because of the relative rarity of vasa previa, there are no randomized controlled trials to guide management. Therefore, recommendations on the diagnosis and management of vasa previa are based largely on cohort studies and expert opinion. This Clinical Expert Series review addresses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, natural history, diagnosis and management of vasa previa, as well as innovative treatments for the condition.

Conflict of interest statement

Financial Disclosure Yinka Oyelese reports receiving payment from both UpToDate and BMJ Best Practice Royalties for writing chapters on abruption. The other authors did not report any potential conflicts of interest.

Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

Figures

Fig. 1.. Type 1 and 2 vasa…
Fig. 1.. Type 1 and 2 vasa previa. In type 1 (left), the cord inserts into the membranes through which unprotected vessels run over the cervix to insert into the placenta. In type 2 (right), the cord inserts normally into the placenta, and then unprotected vessels run through the membranes over the cervix into the accessory lobe. Illustration by Alex Webber (http://www.dnaillustrations.com). Used with permission.
Fig. 2.. A. Vasa previa type 1,…
Fig. 2.. A. Vasa previa type 1, with velamentous cord insertion. The umbilical cord inserts into the membranes through which unprotected vessels run to insert into the placenta. B. Two bilobed placentas (vasa previa type 2) with unprotected vessels running through the membranes between the placental lobes. Reprinted from Oyelese Y, Iammatteo M, Domnitz S, Chavez MR. Vasa previa: avoiding incising the membranes at cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022;227:770–2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.010. Copyright 2022, with permission from Elsevier. C. Type 3 vasa previa. There is a normal placental cord insertion. However, at the upper right-hand corner of the image is a large aberrant fetal vein leaving one edge of placenta running unprotected through the membranes and boomeranging back into the placenta (arrows).
Fig. 3.. Sinusoidal fetal heart rate tracing…
Fig. 3.. Sinusoidal fetal heart rate tracing following rupture of a vasa previa in labor. The upper tracing shows the heart rate when the membranes were intact. The lower tracing occurred after rupture of the membranes in labor, associated with vaginal bleeding. Immediate cesarean delivery was performed and vasa previa confirmed at delivery. The neonate was transfused in the delivery room and did well. Reprinted with permission from Queenan JT. Queenan's Management of High Risk Pregnancy: An Evidence-Based Approach. John Wiley & Sons; 2012. p. 386.
Fig. 4.. Gray-scale transvaginal ultrasonogram showing hypoechoic…
Fig. 4.. Gray-scale transvaginal ultrasonogram showing hypoechoic linear and circular structures overlying the internal os (arrow) of the cervix (cx), raising suspicion for vasa previa.
Fig. 5.. Transabdominal ultrasonogram with color Doppler…
Fig. 5.. Transabdominal ultrasonogram with color Doppler of the lower uterine segment showing a fetal vessel overlying the cervix (cx), confirming a diagnosis of vasa previa. h, fetal head; b, bladder.
Fig. 6.. Transvaginal ultrasonogram with color Doppler…
Fig. 6.. Transvaginal ultrasonogram with color Doppler showing a fetal vessel overlying the cervix (cx). h, fetal head.
Fig. 7.. Transvaginal ultrasonogram with color and…
Fig. 7.. Transvaginal ultrasonogram with color and pulse wave Doppler showing a fetal arterial waveform confirming the vasa previa. h, fetal head; cx, cervix.
Fig. 8.. Vasa previa at cesarean delivery.…
Fig. 8.. Vasa previa at cesarean delivery. The neonate's head is being delivered, still covered in the membranes, and large fetal vessels can be seen running through the membranes over the head.
Figure
Figure
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Source: PubMed

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