Saponins from Quillaja saponaria and Quillaja brasiliensis: Particular Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activities

Juliane Deise Fleck, Andresa Heemann Betti, Francini Pereira da Silva, Eduardo Artur Troian, Cristina Olivaro, Fernando Ferreira, Simone Gasparin Verza, Juliane Deise Fleck, Andresa Heemann Betti, Francini Pereira da Silva, Eduardo Artur Troian, Cristina Olivaro, Fernando Ferreira, Simone Gasparin Verza

Abstract

Quillaja saponaria Molina represents the main source of saponins for industrial applications. Q. saponaria triterpenoids have been studied for more than four decades and their relevance is due to their biological activities, especially as a vaccine adjuvant and immunostimulant, which have led to important research in the field of vaccine development. These saponins, alone or incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs), are able to modulate immunity by increasing antigen uptake, stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte production (Th1) and cytokines (Th2) in response to different antigens. Furthermore, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antitumor activities are also reported as important biological properties of Quillaja triterpenoids. Recently, other saponins from Q. brasiliensis (A. St.-Hill. & Tul.) Mart. were successfully tested and showed similar chemical and biological properties to those of Q. saponaria barks. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the current advances in phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge of saponins from Quillaja plants, including the particular chemical characteristics of these triterpenoids. The potential applications of Quillaja saponins to stimulate further drug discovery research will be provided.

Keywords: Quillaja brasiliensis; Quillaja saponaria; antimicrobial; antiviral; immunoadjuvant; triterpenoids; vaccine.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Reported triterpene aglycones in Quillaja saponaria and/or Q. brasiliensis saponins.
Figure 2
Figure 2
General structure of Q. saponaria and Q. brasiliensis saponins.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The endocytosis of the saponin with an antigen can cause disruption to the endosomal membrane of the processed antigen, facilitating the antigen presentation process by extravasation of the antigen and its transportation to the endoplasmic reticulum with posterior complexation with MHCI. Also, deacylated saponins can interact with naïve CD4 T-cells through CD2 receptors, stimulating T cell activation biased towards a Th1 response with consequent secretion of IL-2 and IFNγ.

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