Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis

B J Stoll, B J Stoll

Abstract

The descriptive epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is presented. Areas addressed include incidence, race, sex, age of onset, mortality rates, and endemic versus epidemic disease. Both descriptive and case control studies are reviewed to uncover clues relevant to the causes, pathogenesis, and prevention of NEC.

References

    1. Andrews D.A., Sawin R.S., Ledbetter D.J. Necrotizing entercolitis in term neonates. Am J Surg. 1990;159:507.
    1. Barnard J.A., Cotton R.B., Lutin W. Necrotizing enterocolitis: Variables associated with the severity of disease. Am J Dis Child. 1985;139:375.
    1. Bauer C.R. Necrotizing enterocolitis. In: Sinclair J.C., Bracken M.B., editors. Effective Care of the Newborn Infant. Oxford University Press; New York: 1992. p. 602.
    1. Bauer C.R., Morrison J.C., Poole W.K. A decreased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis after prenatal glucocorticoid therapy. Pediatrics. 1984;73:682.
    1. Beasley S.W., Auldist A.W., Ramanujan T.M. The surgical management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, 1975-1984. Pediatr Surg Int. 1986;1:210.
    1. Beeby P.J., Jeffery H. Risk factors for necrotising enterocolitis: The influence of gestational age. Arch Dis Child. 1992;67:432.
    1. Bell M.J., Feigin R.D., Temberg J.L. Changes in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with variation of the gastrointestinal microflora in neonates. Am J Surg. 1979;138:629.
    1. Bell M.J., Schackeiford P., Feigin R.D. Epidemiologic and bacteriologic evaluation of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 1979;14:1.
    1. Bell M.J., Temberg J.L., Feigin R.D. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decision based upon clinical staging. Ann Surg 187. 1978:1.
    1. Bhargava S.K., Mittal S.K., Saxena H.M.K. An outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis in a special care newborn nursery. Indian Pediatr. 1973;10:551.
    1. Black V.D., Rumack C.M., Lubchenco L.O. Gastrointestinal injury in polycythemic term infants. Pediatrics. 1985;76:225.
    1. Book L.S., Overall J.C., Jr., Herbst J.J. Clustering of necrotizing enterocolitis: Interruption by infection-control measures. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:984.
    1. Brown E.G., Sweet A.Y. Preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. JAMA. 1978;240:2452.
    1. Bunton G.L., Durbin G.M., McIntosh N. Necrotizing enterocolitis: Controlled study of 3 years’ experience in a neonatal intensive care unit. Arch Dis Child. 1977;52:772.
    1. Carrion V., Egan E.A. Prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1990;11:317.
    1. Cashore W.J., Peter G., Lauermann M. Clostridia colonization and clostridial toxin in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr. 1981;98:308.
    1. Chany C., Moscovici O., Lebon P. Association of coronavirus infection with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics. 1982;69:209.
    1. Chappell J.S., Dinner M. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. So Afr J Surg. 1972;10:215.
    1. Cikrit D., Mastandrea J., West K.W. Necrotizing enterocolitis: Factors affecting mortality in 101 surgical cases. Surgery. 1984;96:648.
    1. Covert R.F., Neu J., Elliot M.J. Factors associated with age of onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Perinatal. 1989;6:455.
    1. DeCurtis M., Paone C., Vetrano G. A case control study of necrotizing enterocolitis occurring over 8 years in a neonatal intensive care unit. Eur J Pediatr. 1987;146:398.
    1. DeGamarra E., Helardot P., Moriette G. Necrotizing enterocolitis in full-term newborns. Biol Neonate. 1983;44:185.
    1. Dykes E.H., Gilmour W.H., Azmy A.F. Prediction of outcome following necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal surgical unit. J Pediatr Surg. 1985;20:3.
    1. Eibl M.M., Wolf H.M., Fumkranz H. Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in low birth-weight infants by IgA-IgG feeding. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1.
    1. Frantz I.D., L’Heureux P., Engel R.R. Necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr. 1975;86:259.
    1. Freeman R.B., Lloyd D.J., Miller S.S. Surgical treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis: A population-based study in the Grampian region, Scotland. J Pediatr Surg. 1988;23:942.
    1. Gerber A.R., Hopkins R.S., Lauer B.A. Increased risk of illness among nursing staff caring for neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985;4:246.
    1. Grosfeld J.L., Cheu H., Schlatter M. Changing trends in necrotizing enterocolitis: Experience with 302 cases in two decades. Ann Surg. 1991;214:300.
    1. Guinan M., Schaberg D., Bruhn F.W. Epidemic occurrence of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Dis Child. 1979;133:594.
    1. Hack M., Wright L., Shankaran S. Very low birthweight outcomes of the NICHD Neonatal Network. 1994 November 1989 October 1990, Am J Ob Gyn (Submitted for publication)
    1. Hackett G.A., Campbell S., Gamsu H. Doppler studies in the growth retarded fetus and prediction of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, haemorrhage, and neonatal morbidity. BMJ. 1987;294:13.
    1. Halac E., Halac J., Bégué E.F. Prenatal and postnatal corticosteroid therapy to prevent neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: A controlled trial. J Pediatr. 1990;117:132.
    1. Hill H.R., Hunt C.E., Matsen J.M. Nosocomial colonization with Klebsiella, Type 26, in a neonatal intensive care unit associated with an outbreak of sepsis, meningitis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr. 1974;85:415.
    1. Hogue C.J.R., Buehler J.W., Strauss L.T. Overview of the national infant mortality surveillance (NIMS) project—design, methods, results. Publ Health Rep. 1987;102:182.
    1. Holman R.C., Stehr-Green J.K., Zelasky M.T. Necrotizing enterocolitis mortality in the United States, 1979-85. Am J Publ Health. 1989;79:987.
    1. Holzman I.R., Brown D.R. Necrotizing enterocolitis: A complication of prematurity. Sem Perinatal. 1986;10:208.
    1. Horbar J.D., Wright E.C., Onstad L., NICHD N.e.onatal., Research N.e.twork. Decreasing mortality associated with the introduction of surfactant therapy: An observational study of neonates weighing 601 to 1300 grams at birth. Pediatrics. 1993;92:191.
    1. Klein J.O., Marcy S.M. Bacterial sepsis and meningitis. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. 1990:613.
    1. KUegman R.M., Fanaroff A.A. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: A nine-year experience: I. Epidemiology and uncommon observations. Am J Dis Child. 1981;135:603.
    1. Kliegman R.M., Fanaroff A.A. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: A nine-year experience: II. Outcome assessment. Am J Dis Child. 1981;135:608.
    1. Kliegman R.M., Hack M., Jones P. Epidemiologic study of necrotizing enterocolitis among low-birth-weight infants: Absence of identifiable risk factors. J Pediatr. 1982;100:440.
    1. Leong G.M., Drew J.H. Necrotizing enterocolitis: A 15-year experience. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987;27:40.
    1. Lucas A., Cole T.J. Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet. 1990;336:1519.
    1. Lui K., Nair A., Giles W. Necrotizing enterocolitis in a perinatal centre. J Pediatr Child Health. 1992;28:47.
    1. Malcolm G., Ellwood D., Devonald K. Absent or reversed end diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery and necrotising enterocolitis. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66:805.
    1. Milner M.E., de la Monte S.M., Moore G.W. Risk factors for developing and dying from necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1986;5:359.
    1. Mizrahi A., Barlow O., Berdon W. Necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. J Pediatr. 1965;66:697.
    1. Mollitt D.L., Tepas J.J., Talbert J.L. The role of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 1988;23:60.
    1. Moomjian A.S., Peckham G.J., Fox W.W. Necrotizing enterocolitis—endemic vs epidemic form. Pediatr Res. 1978;12:530.
    1. National Center for Health Statistics . Health United States 1991 and Prevention Profile. Maryland: Public Health Service; Hyatts ville: 1992.
    1. Palmer S.R., Biffin A., Gamsu H.R. Outcome of neonatal necrotiszing enterocolitis: Results of the BAPM/CDSC surveillance study, 1981-84. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64:388.
    1. Palmer S.R., Thoams S.J., Cooke R.W.I. Birthweight-specific risk factors for necrotising enterocolitis. J Epidemiol Comm Health. 1987;41:210.
    1. Pokomy W.J., Garcia-Prats J.A., Barry Y.N. Necrotizing enterocolitis: Incidence, operative care, and outcome. J Pediatr Surg. 1986;21:1149.
    1. Polin R.A., Pollack P.F., Barlow B. Necrotizing enterocolitis in term infants. J Pediatr. 1976;89:460.
    1. Ricketts R.R., Jerles M.L. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: Experience with 100 consecutive surgical patients. World J Surg. 1990;14:600.
    1. Rotbart H.A., Levin M.J. How contagious is necrotizing enterocolitis? Ped Infect Dis. 1983;2:406.
    1. Rotbart H.A., Nelson W.L., Glode M.P. Neonatal rotavirus-associated necrotizing enterocolitis: Case control study and prospective surveillance during an outbreak. J Pediatr. 1988;112:87.
    1. Ryder R.W., Shelton J.D., Guinan M.E. Committee on Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Necrotizing enterocolitis: A prospective multicenter investigation. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;112:113.
    1. Santulli T.V., Schullinger J.N., Heird W.C. Acute necrotizing enterocolitis in infancy: A review of 64 cases. Pediatrics. 1975;55:376.
    1. Schullinger J.N., Mollitt D.L., Vinocur C.D. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: Survival, management and complications: A 25-year study. Am J Dis Child. 1981;135:612.
    1. Smith M.F., Borriello S.P., Clayden G.S. Clinical and bacteriological findings in necrotising enterocolitis: A controlled study. J Infect. 1980;2:23.
    1. Speer M.E., Taber L.H., Yow M.D. Fulminant neonatal sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis associated with a “nonenteropathogenic” strain of Escherichia coli. J Pediatr. 1976;89:91.
    1. Spritzer R., Koolen A.M.P., Baerts W. A prolonged decline in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis after the introduction of a cautious feeding regimen [short communication] Acta Paediatr Scand. 1988;77:909.
    1. Stein H., Beck J., Solomon A. Gastroenteritis with necrotizing enterocolitis in premature babies. Br Med J. 1972;2:616.
    1. Stoll B.J., Kanto W.P., Glass R.I. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis: A case control study. J Pediatr. 1980;96:447.
    1. Teasdale F., Le Guennec J-C., Bard H. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: the relation of age at the time of onset to prognosis. Can Med Assoc J. 1980;123:387.
    1. The Investigators of the Vermont-Oxford Trials Network Database Project The VermontOxford Trials Network: Very low birth weight outcomes for 1990. Pediatrics. 1993;91:540.
    1. Thilo E.H., Lazarte R.A., Hernandez J.A. Necrotizing enterocolitis in the first 24 hours of life. Pediatrics. 1984;73:476.
    1. Uauy R.D., Fanaroff A.A., Korones S.B. Necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: Biodemographic and clinical correlates. J Pediatr. 1991;119:630.
    1. Vermeylen D., De Laet M.H., Pardou A. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: From reduction of mortality to reduction of morbidity. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica. 1985;3:153.
    1. Vimig N.L., Reynolds J.W. Epidemiologic aspects of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Dis Child. 1974;128:186.
    1. Walsh M.C., Kleigman R.M. Necrotizing enterocolitis: Treatment based on staging criteria. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1986;33:179.
    1. Wilson R., del Portillo M., Schmidt E. Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in infants weighing more than 2000 grams at birth: A case-control study. Pediatrics. 1983;71:19.
    1. Wilson R., Kanto W.P., McCarthy B.J. Age at onset of necrotizing enterocolitis: Risk factors in small infants. Am J Dis Child. 1982;136:814.
    1. Wilson R., Kanto W.P., McCarthy B.J. Epidemiologic characteristics of necrotizing enterocolitis: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 1981;114:880.
    1. Wilson R., Kanto W.P., McCarthy B.J. Age at onset of necrotizing enterocolitis: An epidemiologic analysis [short communication] Pediatr Res. 1982;16:82.
    1. VViswell T.E., Robertson C.F., Jones T.A. Necrotizing enterocolitis in full-term infants: A case control study. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:532.
    1. Yu V.Y.H., Joseph R., Bajuk B. Perinatal risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis. Arch Dis Child. 1984;59:430.
    1. Yu V.Y.H., Tudehope D.I. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: II. Perinatal risk factors. Med J Aust. 1977;1:688.

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren