Depression Screening from Voice Samples of Patients Affected by Parkinson's Disease

Abstract

Depression is a common mental health problem leading to significant disability world wide. Depression is not only common but also commonly co-occurs with other mental and neurological illnesses. Parkinson's Disease gives rise to symptoms directly impairing a person's ability to function. Early diagnosis and detection of depression can aid treatment, but diagnosis typically requires an interview with a health provider or structured diagnostic questionnaire. Thus, unobtrusive measures to monitor depression symptoms in daily life could have great utility in screening depression for clinical treatment. Vocal biomarkers of depression are a potentially effective method of assessing depression symptoms in daily life, which is the focus of the current research. We have a database of 921 unique patients with Parkinson's disease and their self assessment of whether they felt depressed or not. Voice recordings from these patients were used to extract paralinguistic features, which served as inputs to machine-learning and deep learning techniques to predict depression. The results are presented here and the limitations are discussed given the nature of the recordings which lack language content. Our models achieved accuracies as high as 0.77 in classifying depressed and non-depressed subjects accurately using their voice features and PD severity. We found depression and severity of Parkinson's Disease had a correlation coefficient of 0.3936, providing a valuable feature when predicting depression from voice. Our results indicate a clear correlation between feeling depressed and the severity of the Parkinson's disease. Voice may be an effective digital biomarker to screen for depression among patients suffering from Parkinson's Disease.

Keywords: Audio Features; Deep Neural Networks; Depression Screening; Feature Selection; Parkinson’s Disease; Voice Biomarkers; Voice Technology.

Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Hosseini Ghomi is a stock holder of NeuroLex Laboratories.

Figures

Fig. 1

A flow chart visualization of the system.

Fig. 2

Parkinson's disease (PD) severity is plotted versus number of subjects. Red line, depressed subjects; green line, nondepressed subjects. See data collection in the Materials and Methods section for PD severity source.

Fig. 3

Violin plot of Parkinson's disease (PD) severity level versus depression frequency. See data collection in the Materials and Methods section for PD and depression severity sources.

Fig. 4

Deep neural network architecture used in modeling.