Persisting Effects of Ayahuasca on Empathy, Creative Thinking, Decentering, Personality, and Well-Being

Maggie K Kiraga, Natasha L Mason, Malin V Uthaug, Kim I M van Oorsouw, Stefan W Toennes, Johannes G Ramaekers, Kim P C Kuypers, Maggie K Kiraga, Natasha L Mason, Malin V Uthaug, Kim I M van Oorsouw, Stefan W Toennes, Johannes G Ramaekers, Kim P C Kuypers

Abstract

Background: Naturalistic and placebo-controlled studies have suggested that ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian beverage, could be helpful in the treatment of psychopathologies like depression and anxiety disorders by changing otherwise disturbed cognitive and emotional processes. To better understand its full therapeutic potential, one way is to study the effects on processes like flexible thinking, empathy, and well-being, which are normally compromised in stress-related psychopathologies. Materials and Methods: Volunteers attending ayahuasca ceremonies were asked to complete a test battery at three separate occasions: baseline, the morning after, and 1 week after the ceremony. We included the constructs of creative thinking (measured by Picture Concept Test), empathy (Multifaceted Empathy Test), satisfaction with life (Satisfaction with Life Scale), decentering (Experiences Questionnaire), and personality (Big Five Inventory) into the test battery. Additionally, the psychedelic experience was quantified with the Persisting Effects Questionnaire, the Ego Dissolution Scale, and Visual Analogue Scales. Results: In total, 43 attendees (males = 22; females = 21) completed parts of the baseline assessment, 20 (males = 12; females = 8) completed assessments in the morning after the ceremony, and 19 (males = 14; females = 5) completed assessments at the 1-week follow-up. At one and 7 days post-ceremony, cognitive empathy, satisfaction with life, and decentering increased, while divergent thinking (Fluency corrected for Originality) decreased, when compared to baseline. Implicit emotional empathy increased at 1-week follow-up, whereas ratings of the trait neuroticism decreased. Conclusion: The study suggests that a single ingestion of ayahuasca in a social setting is associated with enhancement of subjective well-being, an enhanced ability to take an objective and non-judging stance towards the self (decentering), and the ability to correctly recognize emotions in others, compared to baseline, lasting up to 1 week post-ceremony. To understand the therapeutic potential related to these effects, further research with clinical populations is needed in which these effects can be assessed, including its link with therapeutic outcomes. Together, this will increase our understanding of the effectiveness and breadth of future therapeutic options.

Keywords: ayahuasca ceremony; creativity; decentering; empathy; persisting effects; well-being.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Kiraga, Mason, Uthaug, van Oorsouw, Toennes, Ramaekers and Kuypers.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Flow-chart depicting participants’ enrollment.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Extracted ion chromatograms of LC-MS analyses of the ayahuasca’s active ingredients DMT (A), harmine (B) and harmaline (C) in the preparations used in Location 1 (index 1), Location 2 (consisting of Mimosa hostilis, index 2, and Peganum harmala, index 3), Location 3 (index 4) and Location 4 (consisting of Mimosa hostilis, index 5, Peganum harmala, index 6, and a preparation of Banisteriopsis muricata, index 7). The abundances of the analytical signals are equally scaled for each analyte and the concentrations in the brews are annotated.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Mean (±SE) of visual analogue scale item scores on a 100 mm scale. Scores are retrospective of the ceremony experience.

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Source: PubMed

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