Effects of a Mindfulness Meditation App on Subjective Well-Being: Active Randomized Controlled Trial and Experience Sampling Study

Kathleen Marie Walsh, Bechara J Saab, Norman As Farb, Kathleen Marie Walsh, Bechara J Saab, Norman As Farb

Abstract

Background: Mindfulness training (MT) includes a variety of contemplative practices aimed at promoting intentional awareness of experience, coupled with attitudes of nonjudgment and curiosity. Following the success of 8-week, manualized group interventions, MT has been implemented in a variety of modalities, including smartphone apps that seek to replicate the success of group interventions. However, although smartphone apps are scalable and accessible to a wider swath of population, their benefits remain largely untested.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate a newly developed MT app called Wildflowers, which was codeveloped with the laboratory for use in mindfulness research. It was hypothesized that 3 weeks of MT through this app would improve subjective well-being, attentional control, and interoceptive integration, albeit with weaker effects than those published in the 8 week, manualized group intervention literature.

Methods: Undergraduate students completed 3 weeks of MT with Wildflowers (n=45) or 3 weeks of cognitive training with a game called 2048 (n=41). State training effects were assessed through pre- and postsession ratings of current mood, stress level, and heart rate. Trait training effects were assessed through pre- and postintervention questionnaires canvassing subjective well-being and behavioral task measures of attentional control and interoceptive integration. State and trait training data were analyzed in a multilevel model using emergent latent factors (acceptance, awareness, and openness) to summarize the trait questionnaire battery.

Results: Analyses revealed both state and trait effects specific to MT; participants engaging in MT demonstrated improved mood (r=.14) and a reduction of stress (r=-.13) immediately after each training session compared with before the training session and decreased postsession stress over 3 weeks (r=-.08). In addition, MT relative to cognitive training resulted in greater improvements in attentional control (r=-.24). Interestingly, both groups demonstrated increased subjective ratings of awareness (r=.28) and acceptance (r=.23) from pre- to postintervention, with greater changes in acceptance for the MT group trending (r=.21).

Conclusions: MT, using a smartphone app, may provide immediate effects on mood and stress while also providing long-term benefits for attentional control. Although further investigation is warranted, there is evidence that with continued usage, MT via a smartphone app may provide long-term benefits in changing how one relates to their inner and outer experiences.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03783793; https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT03783793 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/75EF2ehst).

Keywords: attention; interoception; mindfulness; mobile health; mood; stress, psychological.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: BJS is the Chief Scientist and CEO of Mobio Interactive Inc, and he owned approximately 40% of the company at the time of manuscript acceptance. BJS exclusively served as a technical liaison for the study and did not contribute to study design, did not contribute to selecting the active control, or the primary surveys, nor did he directly contribute to, or have influence over, data collection or analysis. NASF is a scientific advisor and mindfulness guide for Mobio Interactive Inc, and he owned approximately 2% of the company at the time of manuscript acceptance. NASF was involved in all aspects of study design and data analysis, but did not directly contribute to, or have influence over, data collection; nor did he directly perform any of the analyses. No other authors have connections to Mobio Interactive Inc. None of the authors in this study received financial compensation or any other form of compensation for the research undertaken herein. Mobio Interactive Inc did, however, contribute Can $5000 to the Ontario Centre of Excellence research grant that, in part, funded this study, as mandated by the funding agency.

©Kathleen Marie Walsh, Bechara J Saab, Norman AS Farb. Originally published in JMIR Mental Health (http://mental.jmir.org), 08.01.2019.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Participant flow diagram.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Changes in conflict effect before and after mindfulness training (MT) and cognitive training.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Changes in respiratory integration task performance by task condition, group, and time. MT: mindfulness training.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Changes in mood before and after each training session over the course of training. MT: mindfulness training.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Changes in stress before and after each training session over the course of training. MT: mindfulness training.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Changes in heart rate before and after each training session over the course of training. MT: mindfulness training.

References

    1. Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 Apr;84(4):822–48.
    1. Kabat-Zinn J. An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: theoretical considerations and preliminary results. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1982 Apr;4(1):33–47.
    1. Segal Z, Williams J, Teasdale J. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. New York City, New York: Guilford Press; 2012. pp. 1–4625.
    1. Baer R. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):125–143.
    1. Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):156. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.
    1. Bishop S, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson N, Carmody J, Segal Z, Abbey S, Speca M, Velting D, Devins G. Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2004 Oct;11(3):230–241. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.bph077.
    1. Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EM, Gould NF, Rowland-Seymour A, Sharma R, Berger Z, Sleicher D, Maron DD, Shihab HM, Ranasinghe PD, Linn S, Saha S, Bass EB, Haythornthwaite JA. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Mar;174(3):357–68. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018.
    1. Eberth J, Sedlmeier P. The effects of mindfulness meditation: a meta-analysis. Mindfulness. 2012 May 2;3(3):174–189. doi: 10.1007/s12671-012-0101-x.
    1. Khoury B, Lecomte T, Fortin G, Masse M, Therien P, Bouchard V, Chapleau M, Paquin K, Hofmann SG. Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013 Aug;33(6):763–71. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005.
    1. Visted E, Vøllestad J, Nielsen MB, Nielsen GH. The impact of group-based mindfulness training on self-reported mindfulness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness. 2014 Feb 27;6(3):501–522. doi: 10.1007/s12671-014-0283-5.
    1. Sedlmeier P, Eberth J, Schwarz M, Zimmermann D, Haarig F, Jaeger S, Kunze S. The psychological effects of meditation: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2012 Nov;138(6):1139–71. doi: 10.1037/a0028168.
    1. Creswell JD. Mindfulness Interventions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2017 Jan 03;68:491–516. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139.
    1. Keng S, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Aug;31(6):1041–56. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006.
    1. Bernstein A, Hadash Y, Lichtash Y, Tanay G, Shepherd K, Fresco DM. Decentering and related constructs: a critical review and metacognitive processes model. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015 Sep;10(5):599–617. doi: 10.1177/1745691615594577.
    1. Hayes SC, Wilson KG, Gifford EV, Follette VM, Strosahl K. Experimental avoidance and behavioral disorders: a functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996 Dec;64(6):1152–68.
    1. Block-Lerner J, Wulfert E, Moses E. ACT in context: an exploration of experiential acceptance. Cogn Behav Pract. 2009 Nov;16(4):443–456. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.04.005.
    1. Bond FW, Hayes SC, Baer RA, Carpenter KM, Guenole N, Orcutt HK, Waltz T, Zettle RD. Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behav Ther. 2011 Dec;42(4):676–88. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007.
    1. Kabat-Zinn J. An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: theoretical considerations and preliminary results. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1982 Apr;4(1):33–47.
    1. Kabat-Zinn J. Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain and Illness. New York City, New York: Delacorte Press; 1990.
    1. Fish J, Brimson J, Lynch S. Mindfulness interventions delivered by technology without facilitator involvement: What research exists and what are the clinical outcomes? Mindfulness (N Y) 2016;7(5):1011–1023. doi: 10.1007/s12671-016-0548-2.
    1. van Emmerik AA, Berings F, Lancee J. Efficacy of a mindfulness-based mobile application: a randomized waiting-list controlled trial. Mindfulness (N Y) 2018;9(1):187–198. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0761-7.
    1. Manotas M, Segura C, Eraso M, Oggins J, McGovern K. Association of brief mindfulness training with reductions in perceived stress and distress in Colombian health care professionals. IJSM. 2014;21(2):207–225. doi: 10.1037/a0035150.
    1. Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Diamond BJ, David Z, Goolkasian P. Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. Conscious Cogn. 2010 Jun;19(2):597–605. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.014.
    1. Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Gordon NS, Goolkasian P. Effects of brief and sham mindfulness meditation on mood and cardiovascular variables. J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Aug;16(8):867–73. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0321.
    1. Carmody J, Baer RA. How long does a mindfulness-based stress reduction program need to be? A review of class contact hours and effect sizes for psychological distress. J Clin Psychol. 2009 Jun;65(6):627–38. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20555.
    1. Cavanagh K, Churchard A, O'Hanlon P, Mundy T, Votolato P, Jones F, Gu J, Strauss C. A randomised controlled trial of a brief online mindfulness-based intervention in a non-clinical population: replication and extension. Mindfulness (N Y) 2018;9(4):1191–1205. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0856-1.
    1. Mikolasek M, Berg J, Witt CM, Barth J. Effectiveness of mindfulness- and relaxation-based eHealth interventions for patients with medical conditions: a systematic review and synthesis. Int J Behav Med. 2018 Dec;25(1):1–16. doi: 10.1007/s12529-017-9679-7.
    1. Russell L, Ugalde A, Milne D, Austin D, Livingston P. Digital characteristics and dissemination indicators to optimize delivery of internet-supported mindfulness-based interventions for people with a chronic condition: systematic review. JMIR Ment Health. 2018 Aug 21;5(3):e53. doi: 10.2196/mental.9645.
    1. Kvillemo P, Brandberg Y, Bränström R. Feasibility and outcomes of an internet-based mindfulness training program: a pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Ment Health. 2016 Jul 22;3(3):e33. doi: 10.2196/mental.5457.
    1. Sliwinski J, Katsikitis M, Jones CM. A review of interactive technologies as support tools for the cultivation of mindfulness. Mindfulness. 2017 Mar 9;8(5):1150–1159. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0698-x.
    1. Chittaro L, Vianello A. Evaluation of a mobile mindfulness app distributed through on-line stores: a 4-week study. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2016 Feb;86:63–80. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.09.004.
    1. Toivonen KI, Zernicke K, Carlson LE. Web-based mindfulness interventions for people with physical health conditions: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2017 Aug 31;19(8):e303. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7487.
    1. Spijkerman MP, Pots WT, Bohlmeijer ET. Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions in improving mental health: a review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Apr;45:102–14. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009.
    1. Nararro-Haro M, Hoffman H, Garcia-Palacios A, Sampaio M, Alhalabi W, Hall K, Linehan M. The use of virtual reality to facilitate mindfulness skills training in dialectical behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder: a case study. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1573. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01573. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01573.
    1. Navarro-Haro MV, López-Del-Hoyo Y, Campos D, Linehan MM, Hoffman HG, García-Palacios A, Modrego-Alarcón M, Borao L, García-Campayo J. Meditation experts try virtual reality mindfulness: a pilot study evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of virtual reality to facilitate mindfulness practice in people attending a mindfulness conference. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0187777. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187777.
    1. Flores A, Linehan M, Todd S, Hoffman H. The use of virtual reality to facilitate mindfulness skills training in dialectical behavioral therapy for spinal cord injury: a case study. Front Psychol. 2018;9:531. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00531. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00531.
    1. Mani M, Kavanagh DJ, Hides L, Stoyanov SR. Review and evaluation of mindfulness-based iPhone apps. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2015;3(3):e82. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.4328.
    1. Plaza I, Demarzo MM, Herrera-Mercadal P, García-Campayo J. Mindfulness-based mobile applications: literature review and analysis of current features. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2013;1(2):e24. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.2733.
    1. Howells A, Ivtzan I, Eiroa-Orosa FJ. Putting the ‘app’ in happiness: a randomised controlled trial of a smartphone-based mindfulness intervention to enhance wellbeing. J Happiness Stud. 2014 Oct 29;17(1):163–85. doi: 10.1007/s10902-014-9589-1.
    1. Economides M, Martman J, Bell MJ, Sanderson B. Improvements in stress, affect, and irritability following brief use of a mindfulness-based smartphone app: a randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness (N Y) 2018;9(5):1584–1593. doi: 10.1007/s12671-018-0905-4.
    1. Bostock S, Crosswell AD, Prather AA, Steptoe A. Mindfulness on-the-go: Effects of a mindfulness meditation app on work stress and well-being. J Occup Health Psychol. 2018 May 03; doi: 10.1037/ocp0000118. (forthcoming)
    1. Fredrickson BL, Kahneman D. Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993 Jul;65(1):45–55.
    1. Ryan RM, Deci EL. On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:141–66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141.
    1. Bornemann B, Herbert BM, Mehling WE, Singer T. Differential changes in self-reported aspects of interoceptive awareness through 3 months of contemplative training. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1504. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01504. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01504.
    1. Fissler M, Winnebeck E, Schroeter T, Gummersbach M, Huntenburg JM, Gaertner M, Barnhofer T. An investigation of the effects of brief mindfulness training on self-reported interoceptive awareness, the ability to decenter, and their role in the reduction of depressive symptoms. Mindfulness. 2016 Jun 24;7(5):1170–1181. doi: 10.1007/s12671-016-0559-z.
    1. Farb NA, Segal ZV, Anderson AK. Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013 Jan;8(1):15–26. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss066.
    1. Fischer D, Messner M, Pollatos O. Improvement of interoceptive processes after an 8-week body scan intervention. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:452. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00452. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00452.
    1. Shearer A, Hunt M, Chowdhury M, Nicol L. Effects of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention on student stress and heart rate variability internet. Int J Stress Manag. 2015;23(2)
    1. Tang Y, Ma Y, Wang J, Fan Y, Feng S, Lu Q, Yu Q, Sui D, Rothbart MK, Fan M, Posner MI. Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 23;104(43):17152–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707678104.
    1. Cavanagh K, Strauss C, Cicconi F, Griffiths N, Wyper A, Jones F. A randomised controlled trial of a brief online mindfulness-based intervention. Behav Res Ther. 2013 Sep;51(9):573–8. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.06.003.
    1. Chwyl B, Chung A, Amelard R, Deglint J, Clausi D, Wong A. SAPPHIRE: Stochastically acquired photoplethysmogram for heart rate inference in realistic environments. IEEE Int Conf Image Process (ICIP); 2016; Phoenix, AZ, USA. 2016. Sep,
    1. Chwyl B, Chung A, Amelard R, Deglint J, Clausi D, Wong A. Time-Frequency Domain Analysis via Pulselets for Non-contact Heart Rate Estimation from Remotely Acquired Photoplethysmograms. 13th Conf Comput Robot Vis (CRV); 2016; Victoria, BC, Canada. 2016. Jun,
    1. Chwyl B, Amelard R, Clausi D, Wong A. A Bayesian multi-scale framework for photoplethysmogram imaging waveform processing. J Comput Vis Imaging Syst. 2016 Oct;2(1) doi: 10.15353/vsnl.v2i1.114.
    1. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983 Dec;24(4):385–96.
    1. Mitchell AM, Crane PA, Kim Y. Perceived stress in survivors of suicide: psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale. Res Nurs Health. 2008 Dec;31(6):576–85. doi: 10.1002/nur.20284.
    1. John O, Donahue E, Kentle R. The Big Five Inventory--Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research; 1991.
    1. John OP, Srivastava S. The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, theoretical perspectives. In: Pervin LA, John OP, editors. Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed.) New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1999. pp. 102–138.
    1. Benet-Martínez V, John OP. Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: multitrait multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998 Sep;75(3):729–50.
    1. Ryff CD, Keyes CL. The structure of psychological well-being revisited. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995 Oct;69(4):719–27.
    1. Ryff CD. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;57(6):1069–1081. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069.
    1. Cardaciotto L, Herbert JD, Forman EM, Moitra E, Farrow V. The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance: the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale. Assessment. 2008 Jun;15(2):204–23. doi: 10.1177/1073191107311467.
    1. Park T, Reilly-Spong M, Gross CR. Mindfulness: a systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO) Qual Life Res. 2013 Dec;22(10):2639–59. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0395-8.
    1. Mehling WE, Price C, Daubenmier JJ, Acree M, Bartmess E, Stewart A. The multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA) PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48230. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048230.
    1. Genia V. The spiritual experience index: a measure of spiritual maturity. J Relig Health. 1991 Dec;30(4):337–47. doi: 10.1007/BF00986905.
    1. Steger M, Frazier P, Oishi S, Kaler M. The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. J Couns Psychol. 2006;53(1):80–93. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80.
    1. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988 Jun;54(6):1063–70.
    1. Shacham S. A shortened version of the profile of mood states. J Pers Assess. 1983 Jun;47(3):305–6. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4703_14.
    1. Västfjäll D, Friman M, Gärling T, Kleiner M. The measurement of core affect: a Swedish self-report measure derived from the affect circumplex. Scand J Psychol. 2002 Feb;43(1):19–31.
    1. Weaver B, Bédard M, McAuliffe J. Evaluation of a 10-minute version of the Attention Network Test. Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;27(8):1281–99. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2013.851741.
    1. Fan J, McCandliss BD, Sommer T, Raz A, Posner MI. Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002 Apr 01;14(3):340–7. doi: 10.1162/089892902317361886.
    1. R Core Team . R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: 2017. [2018-11-14]. R: A language and environment for statistical computing
    1. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge; 1988.
    1. Dinno A. 2012. [2018-11-14]. Paran: Horn's Test of Principal Components/Factors .
    1. Revelle W. 2016. [2018-11-14]. psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research .
    1. Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, R Core Team 2017. [2018-11-14]. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models .
    1. Lenth RV. Least-Squares Means: the package. J Stat Soft. 2016;69(1) doi: 10.18637/jss.v069.i01.
    1. Lindsay EK, Young S, Smyth JM, Brown KW, Creswell JD. Acceptance lowers stress reactivity: dismantling mindfulness training in a randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018 Jan;87:63–73. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.015.
    1. Shallcross AJ, Troy AS, Boland M, Mauss IB. Let it be: Accepting negative emotional experiences predicts decreased negative affect and depressive symptoms. Behav Res Ther. 2010 Sep;48(9):921–9. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.025.
    1. Kauer S, Reid S, Crooke A, Khor A, Hearps S, Jorm A, Sanci L, Patton G. Self-monitoring using mobile phones in the early stages of adolescent depression: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2012 Jun 25;14(3):e67. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1858.
    1. van den Hurk PA, Wingens T, Giommi F, Barendregt HP, Speckens AE, van Schie HT. On the relationship between the practice of mindfulness meditation and personality-an exploratory analysis of the mediating role of mindfulness skills. Mindfulness (N Y) 2011 Sep;2(3):194–200. doi: 10.1007/s12671-011-0060-7.
    1. Ainsworth B, Eddershaw R, Meron D, Baldwin DS, Garner M. The effect of focused attention and open monitoring meditation on attention network function in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Dec 30;210(3):1226–31. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.002.
    1. Moore A, Malinowski P. Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Conscious Cogn. 2009 Mar;18(1):176–86. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008.
    1. Hodgins HS, Adair KC. Attentional processes and meditation. Conscious Cogn. 2010 Dec;19(4):872–8. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.04.002.
    1. Jha AP, Krompinger J, Baime MJ. Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2007 Jun;7(2):109–19.
    1. Wolkin JR. Cultivating multiple aspects of attention through mindfulness meditation accounts for psychological well-being through decreased rumination. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2015;8:171–80. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S31458. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S31458.
    1. Petersen SE, Posner MI. The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012;35:73–89. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525.
    1. Lyvers M, Makin C, Toms E, Thorberg FA, Samios C. Trait mindfulness in relation to emotional self-regulation and executive function. Mindfulness. 2013 May 3;5(6):619–625. doi: 10.1007/s12671-013-0213-y.
    1. Teper R, Inzlicht M. Meditation, mindfulness and executive control: the importance of emotional acceptance and brain-based performance monitoring. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013 Jan;8(1):85–92. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss045.
    1. Dubad M, Winsper C, Meyer C, Livanou M, Marwaha S. A systematic review of the psychometric properties, usability and clinical impacts of mobile mood-monitoring applications in young people. Psychol Med. 2018 Jan;48(2):208–228. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717001659.
    1. Amutio A, Martínez-Taboada C, Hermosilla D, Delgado LC. Enhancing relaxation states and positive emotions in physicians through a mindfulness training program: a one-year study. Psychol Health Med. 2015;20(6):720–31. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2014.986143.
    1. Canby NK, Cameron IM, Calhoun AT, Buchanan GM. A brief mindfulness intervention for healthy college students and its effects on psychological distress, self-control, meta-mood, and subjective vitality. Mindfulness. 2014 Nov 18;6(5):1071–1081. doi: 10.1007/s12671-014-0356-5.
    1. Tang Y, Tang Y, Tang R, Lewis-Peacock JA. Brief mental training reorganizes large-scale brain networks. Front Syst Neurosci. 2017;11:6. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00006. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00006.

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren