Association of Irritability and Anxiety With the Neural Mechanisms of Implicit Face Emotion Processing in Youths With Psychopathology

Abstract

Importance: Psychiatric comorbidity complicates clinical care and confounds efforts to elucidate the pathophysiology of commonly occurring symptoms in youths. To our knowledge, few studies have simultaneously assessed the effect of 2 continuously distributed traits on brain-behavior relationships in children with psychopathology.

Objective: To determine shared and unique effects of 2 major dimensions of child psychopathology, irritability and anxiety, on neural responses to facial emotions during functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Design, setting, and participants: Cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a large, well-characterized clinical sample at a research clinic at the National Institute of Mental Health. The referred sample included youths ages 8 to 17 years, 93 youths with anxiety, disruptive mood dysregulation, and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders and 22 healthy youths.

Main outcomes and measures: The child's irritability and anxiety were rated by both parent and child on the Affective Reactivity Index and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, respectively. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, neural response was measured across the brain during gender labeling of varying intensities of angry, happy, or fearful face emotions. In mixed-effects analyses, the shared and unique effects of irritability and anxiety were tested on amygdala functional connectivity and activation to face emotions.

Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 13.2 (2.6) years; of the 115 included, 64 were male. Irritability and/or anxiety influenced amygdala connectivity to the prefrontal and temporal cortex. Specifically, irritability and anxiety jointly influenced left amygdala to left medial prefrontal cortex connectivity during face emotion viewing (F4,888 = 9.20; P < .001 for mixed model term). During viewing of intensely angry faces, decreased connectivity was associated with high levels of both anxiety and irritability, whereas increased connectivity was associated with high levels of anxiety but low levels of irritability (Wald χ21 = 21.3; P < .001 for contrast). Irritability was associated with differences in neural response to face emotions in several areas (F2, 888 ≥ 13.45; all P < .001). This primarily occurred in the ventral visual areas, with a positive association to angry and happy faces relative to fearful faces.

Conclusions and relevance: These data extend prior work conducted in youths with irritability or anxiety alone and suggest that research may miss important findings if the pathophysiology of irritability and anxiety are studied in isolation. Decreased amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex connectivity may mediate emotion dysregulation when very anxious and irritable youth process threat-related faces. Activation in the ventral visual circuitry suggests a mechanism through which signals of social approach (ie, happy and angry expressions) may capture attention in irritable youth.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures:

None reported.

Figures

Figure 1.

Distribution of Affective Reactivity Index and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders Scores by Primary Diagnosis

Figure 2.. Left Amygdala Functional Connectivity During Implicit Processing of 150% Angry Face Emotions

A, Results of the whole-brain analysis of left amygdala functional connectivity. In functional connectivity to the amygdala, a medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) region showed an interaction among Affective Reactivity Index (ARI), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED), emotion, and intensity. B, Associations among ARI, SCARED, and connectivity driving this interaction. From the mPFC region in each patient, we extracted mean voxelwise change in connectivity for each condition (the psychophysiologic interaction coefficients). The change in connectivity is relative to baseline connectivity across the task, modeled at the single-patient level.29 We entered these values in the same mixed-effects model as in the main analysis and determined that the effect of ARI and SCARED had significant interactive effects only at the 150% angry face condition. For this condition, the predicted change in connectivity from the fitted mixed model is shown on the left (age at center, 13.2 years; female; ARI range, 0–12; SCARED range, 0–54). Relative to baseline amygdala-mPFC connectivity, connectivity decreases during implicit processing of 150% angry faces for highly irritable and anxious individuals. C, Graphs depict variability. We partialled out the effects of motion, age, and gender across task conditions from mean change in connectivity. We plotted the resultant residual change in connectivity for 150% angry faces against ARI or SCARED for individuals grouped into tertiles of SCARED or ARI scores, respectively. Descriptive statistics are given for the plotted data. CoM indicates center of mass.