Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Ivermectin for Reducing Malaria Transmission (IVERMAL): Protocol for a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Finding Trial in Western Kenya

Abstract

Background: Innovative approaches are needed to complement existing tools for malaria elimination. Ivermectin is a broad spectrum antiparasitic endectocide clinically used for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis control at single doses of 150 to 200 mcg/kg. It also shortens the lifespan of mosquitoes that feed on individuals recently treated with ivermectin. However, the effect after a 150 to 200 mcg/kg oral dose is short-lived (6 to 11 days). Modeling suggests higher doses, which prolong the mosquitocidal effects, are needed to make a significant contribution to malaria elimination. Ivermectin has a wide therapeutic index and previous studies have shown doses up to 2000 mcg/kg (ie, 10 times the US Food and Drug Administration approved dose) are well tolerated and safe; the highest dose used for onchocerciasis is a single dose of 800 mcg/kg.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ivermectin doses of 0, 300, and 600 mcg/kg/day for 3 days, when provided with a standard 3-day course of the antimalarial dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP), on mosquito survival.

Methods: This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 3-arm, dose-finding trial in adults with uncomplicated malaria. Monte Carlo simulations based on pharmacokinetic modeling were performed to determine the optimum dosing regimens to be tested. Modeling showed that a 3-day regimen of 600 mcg/kg/day achieved similar median (5 to 95 percentiles) maximum drug concentrations (Cmax) of ivermectin to a single of dose of 800 mcg/kg, while increasing the median time above the lethal concentration 50% (LC50, 16 ng/mL) from 1.9 days (1.0 to 5.7) to 6.8 (3.8 to 13.4) days. The 300 mcg/kg/day dose was chosen at 50% of the higher dose to allow evaluation of the dose response. Mosquito survival will be assessed daily up to 28 days in laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae s.s. populations fed on patients' blood taken at days 0, 2 (Cmax), 7 (primary outcome), 10, 14, 21, and 28 after the start of treatment. Safety outcomes include QT-prolongation and mydriasis. The trial will be conducted in 6 health facilities in western Kenya and requires a sample size of 141 participants (47 per arm). Sub-studies include (1) rich pharmacokinetics and (2) direct skin versus membrane feeding assays.

Results: Recruitment started July 20, 2015. Data collection was completed July 2, 2016. Unblinding and analysis will commence once the database has been completed, cleaned, and locked.

Conclusions: High-dose ivermectin, if found to be safe and well tolerated, might offer a promising new tool for malaria elimination.

Keywords: Anopheles gambiae s.s.; Kenya; Plasmodium falciparum; clinical trial; dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; insecticide; ivermectin; malaria; pharmacokinetics; study protocol.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

©Menno R Smit, Eric Ochomo, Ghaith Aljayyoussi, Titus Kwambai, Bernard Abong'o, Nabie Bayoh, John Gimnig, Aaron Samuels, Meghna Desai, Penelope A Phillips-Howard, Simon Kariuki, Duolao Wang, Steve Ward, Feiko O ter Kuile. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 17.11.2016.

Figures

Figure 1

Simulated plasma concentrations of ivermectin 800 mcg/kg single dose. Monte Carlo simulation of 1000 theoretical subjects of ivermectin concentration with 800 mcg/kg single dose (median: solid line, 5th and 95th percentiles: dashed lines). Cmax is 108.1 ng/mL (CI 75.3-164.4). Time above LC50 (16 ng/mL; dotted line) is 1.9 days (CI 1.0-5.7).

Figure 2

Simulated plasma concentrations of ivermectin 600 mcg/kg/day 3-day regimen and 800 mcg/kg/day single dose. Monte Carlo simulation of 1000 theoretical subjects of ivermectin concentrations following 600 mcg/kg/day for 3 days (median: solid line, 5th and 95th percentiles: grey lines), achieving similar Cmax concentrations compared to 800 mcg/kg single dose (median: dash curve, 95th percentile of Cmax: dashed horizontal line). The median time above LC50 (16 ng/mL; dotted horizontal line) increases from 1.9 days with 800 mcg/kg single dose to 6.8 days with 600 mcg/kg/day for 3 days.

Figure 3

Difference between membrane feeding and direct feeding (adapted from Bousema et al 2012 [38]).