Consensus statement of the Italian society of colorectal surgery (SICCR): management and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease

G Gallo, J Martellucci, A Sturiale, G Clerico, G Milito, F Marino, G Cocorullo, P Giordano, M Mistrangelo, M Trompetto, G Gallo, J Martellucci, A Sturiale, G Clerico, G Milito, F Marino, G Cocorullo, P Giordano, M Mistrangelo, M Trompetto

Abstract

Hemorrhoidal disease (HD) is the most common proctological disease in the Western countries. However, its real prevalence is underestimated due to the frequent self-medication.The aim of this consensus statement is to provide evidence-based data to allow an individualized and appropriate management and treatment of HD. The strategy used to search for evidence was based on application of electronic sources such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Review Library, CINAHL, and EMBASE.These guidelines are inclusive and not prescriptive.The recommendations were defined and graded based on the current levels of evidence and in accordance with the criteria adopted by American College of Chest Physicians. The recommendations were graded A, B, and C.

Keywords: Conservative treatment; Hemorrhoidal disease; Hemorrhoids; Office-based procedures; Postoperative complications; Special conditions; Surgical treatment.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

    1. Trompetto M, Clerico G, Coccorullo GF, et al. Evaluation and management of hemorrhoids: Italian society of colorectal surgery (SICCR) consensus statement. Tech Coloprocol. 2015;19:567–575.
    1. Guyatt G, Gutterman D, Baumann MH, et al. Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an american college of chest physicians task force. Chest. 2006;129:174–181.
    1. Gallo G, Sacco R, Sammarco G. Epidemiology of hemorrhoidal disease. In: Ratto C, Parello A, Litta F, editors. Hemorrhoids Coloproctology. Cham: Springer; 2018. pp. 3–7.
    1. Idrees JJ, Clapp M, Brady JT, Stein SL, Reynolds HL, Steinhagen E. Evaluating the accuracy of hemorrhoids: comparison among specialties and symptoms. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62:867–871.
    1. Sengupta N, Tapper EB, Feuerstein JD. Early Versus delayed colonoscopy in hospitalized patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51:352–359.
    1. Bretthauer M, Kaminski MF, Løberg M, et al. Population-based colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:894–902.
    1. Mehanna D, Platell C. Investigating chronic, bright red, rectal bleeding. ANZ J Surg. 2001;71:720–722.
    1. Gralnek IM, Neeman Z, Strate LL. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1054–1063.
    1. Aoki T, Hirata Y, Yamada A, Koike K. Initial management for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25:69–84.
    1. Pucher PH, Qurashi M, Howell AM, et al. Development and validation of a symptom-based severity score for haemorrhoidal disease: the Sodergren score. Colorectal Dis. 2015;17:612–618.
    1. Nyström P.-O., Qvist N., Raahave D., Lindsey I., Mortensen N. Randomized clinical trial of symptom control after stapled anopexy or diathermy excision for haemorrhoid prolapse. British Journal of Surgery. 2009;97(2):167–176.
    1. Rørvik HD, Styr K, Ilum L, et al. Hemorrhoidal disease symptom score and short health scaleHD: new tools to evaluate symptoms and health-related quality of life in hemorrhoidal disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62:333–342.
    1. Lee MJ, Morgan J, Watson AJM, Jones GL, Brown SR. A validated severity score for haemorrhoids as an essential prerequisite for future haemorrhoid trials. Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23:33–41.
    1. Brown SR, Tiernan JP, Watson AJM, et al. Haemorrhoidal artery ligation versus rubber band ligation for the management of symptomatic second-degree and third-degree haemorrhoids (HubBLe): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388:356–364.
    1. Goligher JC, Duthie HL, Nixon HH, editors. Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon. 5. London: Baillière Tindall; 1984. pp. 98–149.
    1. Giordano P, Nastro P, Davies A, Gravante G. Prospective evaluation of stapled haemorrhoidopexy versus transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialization for stage II and III haemorrhoids: three-year outcomes. Tech Coloproctol. 2011;15:67–73.
    1. Giordano P, Tomasi I, Pascariello A, Mills E, Elahi S. Transanal dearterialization with targeted mucopexy is effective for advanced haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16:373–376. doi: 10.1111/codi.12574.
    1. Ratto C, Campenni P, Papeo F, Donisi L, Litta F, Parello A. Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD) for hemorrhoidal disease: a single-center study on 1000 consecutive cases and a review of the literature. Tech Coloprocol. 2017;21:953–962.
    1. Stjerman H, Granno C, Jarnerot G, et al. Short health scale: a valid, reliable, and responsive instrument for subjective health assessment in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14:47–52.
    1. Elbetti C, Giani I, Novelli E, Fucini C, Martellucci J. The single pile classification: a new tool for the classification of haemorrhoidal disease and the comparison of treatment results. Updates Surg. 2015;67:421–426.
    1. Gaj F, Trecca A. New "PATE 2006" system for classifying hemorrhoidal disease: advantages resulting from revision of "PATE 2000 Sorrento". Chir Ital. 2007;59:521–526.
    1. Gaj F, Trecca A, Busotti A, Brugiotti C, Carboni M. The new classification of hemorrhoids: PATE 2000-Sorrento History of the scientific debate. Minerva Chir. 2002;57:331–339.
    1. Lohsiriwat V. Anorectal emergencies. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:5867–5878.
    1. Ford AC, Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ, Rodgers CC, Talle NJ, Vakil NB, Moayyedi P. Diagnostic utility of alarm features for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2008;57:1545–1553.
    1. Zhang J, Cheng Z, Ma Y, et al. Effectiveness of screening modalities in colorectal cancer: a network meta-analysis. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2017;16:252–263.
    1. Leddin D, Lieberman DA, Tse F, et al. Clinical practice guideline on screening for colorectal cancer in individuals with a family history of nonhereditary colorectal cancer or adenoma: the canadian association of gastroenterology banff consensus. Gastroenterology. 2018;155:1325–1347.e3.
    1. Ueda Takeshi, Inoue Takashi, Nakamoto Takayuki, Nishigori Naoto, Kuge Hiroyuki, Sasaki Yoshiyuki, Fujii Hisao, Koyama Fumikazu. Anorectal Cancer in Crohn’s Disease Has a Poor Prognosis Due to its Advanced Stage and Aggressive Histological Features: a Systematic Literature Review of Japanese Patients. Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer. 2018;51(1):1–9.
    1. Bye WA, Nguyen TM, Parker CE, Jairath V, East JE (2017) Strategies for detecting colon cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst, 9:CD000279.
    1. Rank KM, Shaukat A. Stool based testing for colorectal cancer: an overview of available evidence. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017;19:39.
    1. Rex DK, Boland CR, Dominitz JA, et al. Colorectal cancer screening: recommendations for physicians and patients from the US multi-society task force on colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112:1016–1030.
    1. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. US preventive services task force. Screening for colorectal cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;315:2564–2575.
    1. Holme O, Bretthauer M, Fretheim A, Odgaard-Jensen J, Hoff G. Flexible sigmoidoscopy versus faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening in asymptomatic individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;9:CD009259.
    1. Kelly SM, Sanowski RA, Foutch PG, Bellapravalu S, Haynes WC. A prospective comparison of anoscopy and fiberendoscopy in detecting anal lesions. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986;8:658–660.
    1. Harish K, Harikumar R, Sunilkumar K, Thomas V. Videoanoscopy: useful technique in the evaluation of hemorrhoids. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:e312–e317.
    1. Chauhan A, Thomas S, Bishnoi PK, Hadke NS. Randomized controlled trial to assess the role of raised anal pressures in the pathogenesis of symptomatic early hemorrhoids. Dig Surg. 2007;24:28–32.
    1. Sun WM, Read NW, Shorthouse AJ. Hypertensive anal cushions as a cause of the high anal canal pressures in patients with haemorrhoids. Br J Surg. 1990;77:458–462.
    1. Aimaiti Adilijiang, A Ba Bai Ke Re Ma Mu Ti Jiang, Ibrahim Irshat, Chen Hui, Tuerdi Maimaitituerxun, Mayinuer Sonographic appearance of anal cushions of hemorrhoids. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2017;23(20):3664.
    1. Blake MR, Raker JM, Whelan K. Validity and reliability of the bristol stool form scale in healthy adults and patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44:693–703.
    1. Lodi A, Ambonati M, Coassini A, et al. Contact allergy to ‘caines’ caused by anti-hemorrhoidal ointments. Contact Dermat. 1999;41:221–222.
    1. Ramirez P, Sendagorta E, Floristan U, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis from anti hemorrhoidal ointments: concomitant sensitization to both amide and ester local anesthetics. Dermatitis. 2010;21:176–177.
    1. Muller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Scarpignato C, Wald AW. Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:232–242.
    1. Alonso-Coello P, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D, et al. Fiber for the treatment of hemorrhoids complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:181–188.
    1. Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt G, Heels-Ansdell D, et al. Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;19:CD004649.
    1. Fargo MV, Latimer KM. Evaluation and management of common anorectal conditions. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85:624–630.
    1. Hatagawa K, Tatsuzono K, Matsumura S, Sato Y. Instructions on daily activities of hemorrhoid patients with special reference to sitz bath. Kango Gijutsu. 1975;21:60–68.
    1. Shirah BH, Shirah HA, Fallata AH, Alobidy SN, Hawsawi MMA. Hemorrhoids during pregnancy: Sitz bath vs. ano-rectal cream: a comparative prospective study of two conservative treatment protocols. Women Birth. 2018;31:e272–e277.
    1. Shafik A. Role of warm-water bath in anorectal conditions. The “thermosphincteric reflex”. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1993;16:304–308.
    1. Tejirian T, Abbas MA. Sitz bath: Where is the evidence? Scientific basis of a common practice. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:2336–2340.
    1. Hsu KF, Chia JS, Jao SW, et al. Comparison of clinical effects between warm water spray and sitz bath in post-hemorrhoidectomy period. J Gastrointestinal Surg. 2009;13:1274–1278.
    1. Perera N, Liolitsa D, Iype S, et al. Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;15:CD004322.
    1. Aziz Z, Huin WK, Badrul Hisham MD, Tang WL, Yaacob S. Efficacy and tolerability of micronized purified flavonoid fractions (MPFF) for haemorrhoids: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2018;39:49–55.
    1. Andres Susanne, Pevny Sophie, Ziegenhagen Rainer, Bakhiya Nadiya, Schäfer Bernd, Hirsch-Ernst Karen Ildico, Lampen Alfonso. Safety Aspects of the Use of Quercetin as a Dietary Supplement. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2017;62(1):1700447.
    1. Skibola CF, Smith MT. Potential health impacts of excessive flavonoid intake. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000;29:375–383.
    1. Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martinez-Zapata MJ, et al. Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg. 2006;93:909–920.
    1. Gan T, Liu YD, Wang Y, Yang J. Traditional Chinese medicine herbs for stopping bleeding from haemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;6:CD006791.
    1. Beattie GC, Wilson RG, Loudon MA. The contemporary management of haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis. 2002;4:450–454.
    1. Altomare DF, Picciariello A, Pecorella G, et al. Surgical management of haemorrhoids: an Italian survey of over 32,000 patients over 17 years. Colorectal Dis. 2018;20:1117–1124.
    1. Iyer VS, Shrier I, Gordon PPH. Long-term outcome of rubber band ligation for symptomatic primary and recurrent internal haemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1364–1370.
    1. Hite N, Klinger AL, Miller P, et al. Clopidogrel bisulfate (Plavix) does not increase bleeding complications in patients undergoing rubber band ligation for symptomatic hemorrhoids. J Surg Res. 2018;229:230–233.
    1. Coughlin OP, Wright ME, Thorson AG, Ternent CA. Hemorrhoid banding: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62:1085–1094.
    1. Awad AE, Soliman HH, Saif SA, Darwish AM, Mosaad S, Elfert AA. A prospective randomised comparative study of endoscopic band ligation versus injection sclerotherapy of bleeding internal haemorrhoids in patients with liver cirrhosis. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2012;13:77–81.
    1. Azizi R, Rabani-Karizi B, Taghipour MA. Comparison between Ultroid and rubber band ligation in treatment of internal hemorrhoids. Acta Med Iran. 2010;48:389–393.
    1. Jutabha R, Jensen DM, Chavalitdhamrong D. Randomized prospective study of endoscopic rubber band ligation compared with bipolar coagulation for chronically bleeding internal hemorrhoids. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:2057–2064.
    1. Ricci MP, Matos D, Saad SS. Rubber band ligation and infrared photocoagulation for the outpatient treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Acta Cir Bras. 2008;23:102–106.
    1. Cazemier M, Felt-Bersma RJ, Cuesta MA, Mulder CJ. Elastic band ligation of hemorrhoids: Flexible gastroscope or rigid proctoscope? World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:585–587.
    1. Ramzisham AR, Sagap I, Nadeson S, Ali IM, Hasni MJ. Prospective randomized clinical trial on suction elastic band ligator versus forceps ligator in the treatment of haemorrhoids. Asian J Surg. 2005;28:241–245.
    1. Wehrmann T, Riphaus A, Feinstein J, Stergiou N. Hemorrhoidal elastic band ligation with flexible videoendoscopes: a prospective, randomized comparison with the conventional technique that uses rigid proctoscopes. Gastrointes Endoscopy. 2004;60:191–195.
    1. Kanellos I, Goulimaris I, Christoforidis E, Kelpis T, Betsis D. A comparison of the simultaneous application of sclerotherapy and rubber band ligation, with sclerotherapy and rubber band ligation applied separately, for the treatment of haemorrhoids: a prospective randomized trial. Colorectal Dis. 2003;5:133–138.
    1. van Tol RR, Bruijnen MP, Melenhorst J, van Kuijk SM, Stassen LP, Breukink SO. A national evaluation of the management practices of hemorrhoidal disease in the Netherlands. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2018;33:577–588.
    1. Cocorullo G, Tutino R, Falco N, et al. The non-surgical management for hemorrhoidal disease. A systematic review. G Chir. 2017;38:5–14.
    1. Shanmugam V, Thaha MA, Rabindranath KS, Campbell KL, Steele RJ, Loudon MA. Rubber band ligation versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy for haemorrhoids. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2005;3:CD005034.
    1. Beattie GC, Rao MM, Campbell WJ. Secondary haemorrhage after rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids in patients taking clopidogrel–a cautionary note. Ulster Med J. 2004;73:139–141.
    1. Chau NG, Bhatia S, Raman M. Pylephlebitis and pyogenic liver abscesses: a complication of hemorrhoidal banding. Can J Gastroenterol. 2007;21:601–603.
    1. Tejirian T, Abbas MA. Bacterial endocarditis following rubber band ligation in a patient with a ventricular septal defect: report of a case and guideline analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1931–1933.
    1. McCloud JM, Jameson JS, Scott AN. Life-threatening sepsis following treatment for haemorrhoids: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8:748–755.
    1. Morgan J. Varicose state of saphenous haemorrhoids treated successfully by the injection of tincture of persulphate of iron. Med Press Circ. 1869;1869:29–30.
    1. Miyamoto H, Asanoma M, Miyamoto H, Shimada M. ALTA injection sclerosing therapy: non-excisional treatment of internal hemorrhoids. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011;59:77–80.
    1. Tokunaga Y, Sasaki H, Saito T. Evaluation of sclerotherapy with a new sclerosing agent and stapled hemorrhoidopexy for prolapsing internal hemorrhoids: retrospective comparison with hemorrhoidectomy. Dig Surg. 2009;27:469–472.
    1. Moser KH, Mosch C, Walgenbach M. Efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy with polidocanol foam in comparison with fluid sclerosant in the treatment of first-grade haemorrhoidal disease: a randomised, controlled, single-blind, multicentre trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28:1439–1447.
    1. Yano T, Nogaki T, Asano M, Tanaka S, Kawakami K, Matsuda Y. Outcomes of case-matched injection sclerotherapy with a new agent for hemorrhoids in patients treated with or without blood thinners. Surg Today. 2013;43:854–858.
    1. Akindiose C, Alatise OI, Arowolo OA, Agbakwuru AE. Evaluation of two injection sclerosants in the treatment of symptomatic haemorrhoids in Nigerians. Nigerian Postgrad Med J. 2016;23:110–115.
    1. Yano T, Asano M, Tanaka S, Oda N, Matsuda Y. A prospective study comparing the new sclerotherapy and hemorrhoidectomy in terms of therapeutic outcomes at 4 years after the treatment. Surg Today. 2014;44:449–453.
    1. Tsunoda A, Nakagi M, Kano N, Mizutani M, Yamaguchi K. Serum aluminum levels in dialysis patients after sclerotherapy of internal hemorrhoids with aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid. Surg Today. 2014;44:2314–2317.
    1. Yuksel BC, Armagan H, Berkem H, Yildiz Y, Ozel H, Hengirmen S. Conservative management of hemorrhoids: a comparison of venotonic flavonoid micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) and sclerotherapy. Surg Today. 2008;38:123–129.
    1. Critello CD, Pullano SA, Matula TJ, De Franciscis S, Serra R, Fiorillo AS. Recent developments on foaming mechanical and electronic techniques for the management of varicose veins. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2019 doi: 10.1080/17434440.2019.1682549.
    1. Takano M, Iwadare J, Ohba H, et al. Sclerosing therapy of internal hemorrhoids with a novel sclerosing agent. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;21:44–51.
    1. Palit V, Biyani CS, Kay CL, Shah T. Prostatocutaneous fistula following injection of internal haemorrhoids with oily phenol. Int Urol Nephrol. 2001;33:509–510.
    1. Yoshikawa K, Kawashima R, Hirose Y, et al. Liver injury after aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid treatment of hemorrhoids. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23:5034–5040.
    1. Yang P, Wang YJ, Li F, Sun JB. Hemorrhoid sclerotherapy with the complication of abdominal compartment syndrome: report of a case. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011;124:1919–1920.
    1. Schulte T, Fändrich F, Kahlke V. Life-threatening rectal necrosis after injection sclerotherapy for haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23:725–726.
    1. Bullock N. Impotence after sclerotherapy of haemorrhoids: case reports. BMJ. 1997;314:419.
    1. Dimitroulopoulos D, Tsamakidis K, Xinopoulos D, Karaitianos I, Fotopoulou A, Paraskevas E. Prospective, randomized, controlled, observer-blinded trial of combined infrared photocoagulation and micronized purified flavonoid fraction versus each alone for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Clin Ther. 2005;27:746–754.
    1. Marques CF, Nahas SC, Nahas SC, Sobrado CW, Jr, Habr-Gama A, Kiss DR. Early results of the treatment of internal hemorrhoid disease by infrared coagulation and elastic banding: a prospective randomized cross-over trial. Tech Coloproctol. 2006;10:312–317.
    1. Ahmad A, Kant R, Gupta A. Comparative analysis of doppler guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation (DG-HAL) & infrared coagulation (IRC) in management of hemorrhoids. Indian J Surg. 2013;75:274–275.
    1. Gupta PJ. Infrared coagulation versus rubber band ligation in early stage hemorrhoids. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003;35:1433–1439.
    1. Nisar PJ, Acheson AG, Neal KR, Scholefield JH. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy compared with conventional hemorrhoidectomy: systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1837–1845.
    1. Tjandra JJ, Chan MK. Systematic review on the procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (stapled hemorrhoidopexy) Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:878–892.
    1. Jayaraman S, Colquhoun PH, Malthaner RA. Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;4:5393.
    1. Giordano P, Gravante G, Sorge R, Ovens L, Nastro P. Long-term outcomes of stapled hemorrhoidopexy vs conventional hemorrhoidectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg. 2009;144:266–272.
    1. Chen HL, Woo XB, Cui J, Chen CQ, Peng JS. Ligasure versus stapled hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2014;24:285–289.
    1. Yang J, Cui PJ, Han HZ, Tong DN. Meta-analysis of stapled hemorrhoidopexy vs LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:4799–4807.
    1. Schneider R, Jäger P, Ommer A. Long-term results after stapled hemorrhoidopexy: a 15-year follow-up. World J Surg. 2019;43:2536–2543.
    1. Sturiale A, Fabiani B, Menconi C, et al. Long-term results after stapled hemorrhoidopexy: a survey study with mean follow-up of 12 years. Tech coloproctol. 2018;22:689–696.
    1. Grotenhuis BA, Nonner J, de Graaf EJR, Doornebosch PG. Implementation of a new high-volume circular stapler in stapled anopexy for hemorrhoidal disease: Is patient's short-term outcome affected by a higher volume of resected tissue? Dig Surg. 2018;35:406–410.
    1. Watson AJM, Jemma Hudson J, Jessica Wood J, et al. Comparison of stapled haemorrhoidopexy with traditional excisional surgery for haemorrhoidal disease (eTHoS): a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388:2375–2385.
    1. Pescatori M, Gagliardi G. Postoperative complications after procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (PPH) and stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedures. Tech Coloproctol. 2008;12:7–19.
    1. Naldini G. Serious unconventional complications of surgery with stapler for haemorrhoidal prolapse and obstructed defaecation because of rectocoele and rectal intussusception. Colorectal Dis. 2011;13:323–327.
    1. Giordano P, Overton J, Madeddu F, Zaman S, Gravante G. Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:1665–1671.
    1. Ratto C, Parello A, Veronese E, et al. Doppler-guided transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialization for haemorrhoids: results from a multicentre trial. Colorectal Dis. 2015;17:910–919.
    1. Similis C, Thoukididou SN, Slesser AA, Rasheed S, Tan E, Tekkis PP. Systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing clinical outcomes and effectiveness of surfigal treatment for haemorrhoids. Br J Surg. 2015;102:1603–1618.
    1. De Nardi P, Capretti G, Corsaro A, Staudacher C. A prospective, randomized trial comparing the short- and long-term results of doppler-guided transanal hemorrhoid dearterialization with mucopexy versus excision hemorrhoidectomy for grade III hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57:348–353.
    1. Denoya PI, Fakhoury M, Chang K, Fakhoury J, Bergamaschi R. Dearterialization with mucopexy versus haemorrhoidectomy for grade III or IV haemorrhoids: short-term results of a doubleblind randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15:1281–1288.
    1. Elmér SE, Nygren JO, Lenander CE. A randomized trial of transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization with anopexy compared with open hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56:484–490.
    1. Gupta PJ, Kalaskar S, Taori S, Heda PS. Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation does not offer any advantage over suture ligation of grade 3 symptomatic hemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol. 2011;15:439–444.
    1. Schuurman JP, Borel Rinkes IH, Go PM. Hemorrhoidal artery ligation procedure with or without Doppler transducer in grade II and III hemorrhoidal disease: a blinded randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2012;255:840–845.
    1. Zhai M, Zhang Y-A, Wang Z-Y, et al. A Randomized controlled trial comparing suture-fixation mucopexy and doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation in patients with grade III hemorrhoids. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:8143703.
    1. Sajid MS, Parampalli U, Whitehouse P, Sains P, McFall MR, Baig MK. A systematic review comparing transanal haemorrhoidal de-arterialisation to stapled haemorrhoidopexy in the management of haemorrhoidal disease. Tech Coloproctol. 2012;16:1–8.
    1. Festen S, van Hoogstraten MJ, van Geloven AA, Gerhards MF. Treatment of grade III and IV haemorrhoidal disease with PPH or THD. A randomized trial on postoperative complications and short-term results. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009;24:1401–1405.
    1. Infantino A, Altomare DF, Bottini C, THD group of the SICCR (Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery) (2012) Prospective randomized multicentre study comparing stapler haemorrhoidopexy with Doppler-guided transanal haemorrhoid dearterialization for third-degree haemorrhoids Colorectal Dis 14:205–211
    1. Tsang YP, Fok KL, Cheung YS, Li KW, Tang CN. Comparison of transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialisation and stapled haemorrhoidopexy in management of haemorrhoidal disease: a retrospective study and literature review. Tech Coloproctol. 2014;18:1017–1022.
    1. Bhatti MI, Sajid MS, Baig MK. Milligan-Morgan (open) versus Ferguson haemorrhoidectomy (closed): a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized, controlled trials. World J Surg. 2016;40:1509–1519.
    1. Mushaya CD, Caleo PJ, Bartlett L, Buettner PG, Ho YH. Harmonic scalpel compared with conventional excisional haemorrhoidectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Tech Coloproctol. 2014;18:1009–1016.
    1. You SY, Kim SH, Chung CS, Lee DK. Open vs. closed hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:108–113.
    1. Fareed M, El-Awady S, Abd-El Monaem H, Aly H. Randomized trial comparing LigaSure to closed Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy. Tech Coloproctol. 2009;13:243–246.
    1. Milito G, Cadeddu F, Muzi MG, Nigro C, Farinon AM. Haemorrhoidectomy with Ligasure vs conventional excisional techniques: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Colorectal Dis. 2010;12:85–93.
    1. Xu L, Chen H, Lin G, Ge Q. Ligasure versus Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2015;25:206–210.
    1. Abramowitz L, Sobhani I, Benifla JL, et al. Anal fissure and thrombosed external hemorrhoids before and after delivery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:650–655.
    1. Longo SA, Moore RC, Canzoneri BJ, Robichaux A. Gastrointestinal conditions during pregnancy. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2010;23:80–89.
    1. Gojnic M, Dugalic V, Papic M, Vidakovic S, Miliceviv S, Pervulov M. The significance of detailed examination of hemorrhoids during pregnancy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2005;32:183–184.
    1. Bradley CS, Kennedy CM, Turcea AM, Rao SS, Nygaard IE. Constipation in pregnancy: prevalence, symptoms, and risk factors. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:1351–1357.
    1. Quijano CE, Abalos E. Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;3:CD004077.
    1. Abramowitz L, Benabderrhamane D, Philip J, Pospait D, Bonin N, Merrouche M. Pathologie hémorroïdaire de la parturiente. Presse Med. 2011;40:955–959.
    1. Shirah BH, Shirah HA, Fallata AH, Alobidy SN, Al Hawsawi MM. Hemorrhoids during pregnancy: sitz bath vs. ano-rectal cream: a comparative prospective study of two conservative treatment protocols. Women Birth. 2018;31:e272–e277.
    1. Saleeby RG, Rosen L, Stasik SJ, et al. Haemorrhoidectomy during pregnancy: risk or relief. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:260–261.
    1. Mirhaidari SJ, Porter JA, Slezak FA. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids in pregnancy: a retrospective review of outcomes. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2016;31:1557–1559.
    1. Ng L, Monagle K, Monagle P, Newall F, Ignjatovic V. Topical use of antithrombotics: review of literature. Thromb Res. 2015;135:575–581.
    1. Di Pierro F, Spinelli G, Monsù G. Clinical effectiveness of a highly standardized and bioavailable mixture of flavonoids and triterpenes in the management of acute hemorroidal crisis. Acta Biomed. 2011;82:35–40.
    1. Perrotti P, Antropoli C, Molino D, De Stefano G, Antropoli M. Conservative treatment of acute thrombosed external hemorrhoids with topical nifedipine. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:405–409.
    1. Patti R, Arcara M, Bonventre S, et al. Randomized clinical trial of botulinum toxin injection for pain relief in patients with thrombosed external haemorrhoids. Br J Surg. 2008;95:1339–1343.
    1. Allan A, Samad AJ, Mellon A, Marshall T. Prospective randomised study of urgent haemorrhoidectomy compared with non-operative treatment in the management of prolapsed thrombosed internal haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8:41–45.
    1. Čavčić J, Turčić J, Martinac P, Mestrović T, Mladina R, Pezerović-Panijan R. Comparison of topically applied 0.2% glyceryl trinitrate ointment incision and excision in the treatment of perianal thrombosis. Digest Liver Dis. 2001;33:335–340.
    1. Chan KKW, Arthur JDR. External haemorrhoidal thrombosis: evidence for current management. Tech Coloproctol. 2013;17:21–25.
    1. Sammarco G, Trompetto M, Gallo G. Thrombosed external haemorrhoids: a clinician’s dilemma. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2019;14:232–234.
    1. Jongen J, Bach S, Stübinger SH, Bock JU. Excision of thrombosed external hemorrhoid under local anesthesia. A retrospective evaluation of 340 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:1226–1231.
    1. Zuber TJ. Hemorrhoidectomy for thrombosed external hemorrhoids. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65:1629–1632.
    1. Wong JCH, Chung CC, Yau KK, et al. Stapled technique for acute thrombosed hemorrhoids: a randomized, controlled trial with long-term results. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:397–403.
    1. Lai HJ, Jao SW, Su CC, Lee MC, Kang JC. Stapled hemorrhoidectomy versus conventional excision hemorrhoidectomy for acute hemorrhoidal crisis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:1654–1661.
    1. Gupta PJ. Current guidelines for anal fissure treatment and evidence based approach towards hemorrhoids. G Chir. 2009;30:461–471.
    1. Morandi E, Merlini D, Salvaggio A, Foschi D. Trabucchi E (1999) Prospective study of healing time after hemorrhoidectomy: influence of HIV infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and anal wound infection. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1140–1144.
    1. Oh HK, Moon SH, Ryoo S, Choe EK, Park KJ. Results of surgical treatment on benign anal diseases in Korean HIV-positive patients. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29:1260–1265.
    1. Fan Z, Zhang Y. Treatment of prolapsing hemorrhoids in HIV-infected patients with tissue-selecting technique. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2017;2017:1970985.
    1. D'Ugo S, Stasi E, Gaspari AL, Sileri P. Hemorrhoids and anal fissures in inflammatory bowel disease. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2015;61:223–233.
    1. Cracco N, Zinicola R. Is haemorrhoidectomy in inflammatory bowel disease harmful? An old dogma re-examined. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16:516–519.
    1. Lightner AL, Kearney D, Giugliano D, Hull T, Holubar SD, Koh S, Zaghiyan K, Fleshner PR. Excisional hemorrhoidectomy: safe in patients with crohn’s disease? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019 doi: 10.1093/ibd/izz255.
    1. Thornhill JA, Long RM, Neary P, O'Connor HJ, Ryan B, Fraser I. The pitfalls of treating anorectal conditions after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Ir Med J. 2012;105:91–93.
    1. Jongen J, Kahlke V, Petersen S. Letter to the editor concerning: Haekins M, Billingham R, Bastawrous A. Hemorrhoid management in patients with radiation proctitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012 Jun 20. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28:277.
    1. Atallah S, Maharaja GK, Martin-Perez B, Burke JP, Albert MR, Larach SW. Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD): a safe procedure for the anticoagulated patient? Tech Coloprocol. 2016;20:461–466.
    1. Albuquerque A. Rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids: a guide for complications. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;8:614–620.
    1. Vidal V, Louis G, Bartoli JM, Sielezneff I. Embolization of the hemorrhoidal arteries (the emborrhoid technique): a new concept and challenge for interventional radiology. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2014;95:307–315.
    1. Zakharchenko A, Kaitoukov Y, Vinnik Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of superior rectal artery embolization with particles and metallic coils for the treatment of hemorrhoids (Emborrhoid technique) Diagn Interv Imagin. 2016;97:1079–1084.
    1. Tradi F, Louis G, Giorgi R, et al. Embolization of the superior rectal arteries for hemorrhoidal disease: prospective results in 25 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018;29:884–892.
    1. Moussa N, Sielezneff I, Sapoval M, et al. Embolization of the superior rectal arteries for chronic bleeding due to haemorrhoidal disease. Colorectal Dis. 2017;19:194–199.
    1. Giamundo P, Cecchetti W, Esercizio L, et al. Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal laser procedure for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids: experimental background and short-term clinical results of a new mini-invasive treatment. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:1369–1375.
    1. De Nardi P, Tamburini AM, Gazzetta PG, Lemma M, Pascariello A, Asteria CR. Hemorrhoid laser procedure for second- and third-degree hemorrhoids: results from a multicenter prospective study. Tech Coloproctol. 2016;20:455–459.
    1. Giamundo P. Advantages and limits of hemorrhoidal dearterialization in the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;8:1–4.
    1. Giamundo P, Braini A, Calabro' G, et al. Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal dearterialization with laser (HeLP): a prospective analysis of data from a multicenter trial. Tech Coloproctol. 2018;22(8):635–643.
    1. Gallo G, Podzemny V, Pescatori M. Intestinal obstruction requiring fecal diversion due to rectal hematoma following a hemorrhoid laser procedure (HeLP) Tech Coloproctol. 2016;20:507–508.
    1. Ram E, Bachar GN, Goldes Y, Joubran S, Rath-Wolfson L. Modified doppler-guided laser procedure for the treatment of second- and third-degree hemorrhoids. Laser Ther. 2018;27:137–142.
    1. Naderan M, Shoar S, Nazari M, Elsayed A, Mahmoodzadeh H, Khorgami Z. A randomized controlled trial comparing laser intra-hemorrhoidal coagulation and Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy. J Invest Surg. 2017;30:325–331.
    1. Maloku H, Gashi Z, Lazovic R, Islami H, Juniku-Shkololli A. Laser hemorrhoidoplasty procedure vs open surgical hemorrhoidectomy: a trial comparing 2 treatments for hemorrhoids of third and fourth degree. Acta Inform Med. 2014;22:365–367.
    1. Brusciano L, Gambardella C, Terracciano G, et al. Postoperative discomfort and pain in the management of hemorrhoidal disease: laser hemorrhoidoplasty, a minimal invasive treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids. Updates Surg. 2019 doi: 10.1007/s13304-019-00694-5.
    1. Faes S, Pratsinis M, Hasler-Gehrer S, Keerl A, Nocito A. Short- and long-term outcomes of laser haemorrhoidoplasty for grade II–III haemorrhoidal disease. Colorectal Dis. 2019;21:689–696.
    1. Porrett LJ, Porrett JK, Ho YH. Documented complications of staple hemorrhoidopexy: a systematic review. Int Surg. 2015;100:44–57.
    1. Ganio E, Altomare DF, Milito G, Gabrielli F, Canuti S. Longterm outcome of a multicentre randomized clinical trial of stapled haemorrhoidopexy versus Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 2007;94:1033–1037.
    1. Pucher PH, Sodergren MH, Lord AC, Darzi A, Ziprin P. Clinical outcome following doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15:e284–e294.
    1. Emile SH, Elfeki H, Sakr A, Shalaby M. Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD) versus stapled hemorrhoidopexy (SH) in treatment of internal hemorrhoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2019;34:1–11.
    1. Ratto C, Donisi L, Parello A, Litta F, Doglietto GB. Evaluation of transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization as a minimally invasive therapeutic approach to hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:803–811.
    1. Shanmugam V, Thaha MA, Rabindranath KS, Campbell KL, Steele RJ, Loudon MA. Rubber band ligation versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy for haemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;3:5034.
    1. Bat L, Melzer E, Koler M, Dreznick Z, Shemesh E. Complications of rubber band ligation of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:287–290.
    1. Toyonaga T, Matsushima M, Sogawa N, et al. Postoperative urinary retention after surgery for benign anorectal disease: potential risk factors and strategy for prevention. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;21:676–682.
    1. Lin YH, Liu KW, Chen HP. Haemorrhoidectomy: prevalence and risk factors of urine retention among post recipients. J Clin Nurs. 2010;19:2771–2776.
    1. Kunitake H, Poylin V. Complications following anorectal surgery. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2016;29:14–21.
    1. Nienhuijs S, de Hingh I. Conventional versus LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy for patients with symptomatic Hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;1:CD006761.
    1. Kim JS, Vashist’ YK, Thieltges S, et al. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus Milligan–Morgan hemorrhoidectomy in circumferential third-degree hemorrhoids: long-term results of a randomized controlled trial. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17:1292–1298.
    1. Huang YJ, Chen CY, Chen RJ, Kang YN, Wei PL. Topical diltiazem ointment in post-hemorrhoidectomy pain relief: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asian J Surg. 2018;41:431–437.
    1. Wanis KN, Emmerton-Coughlin HM, Coughlin S, Foley N, Vinden C. Systemic metronidazole may not reduce posthemorrhoidectomy pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017;60:446–455.
    1. Lyons NJR, Cornille JB, Pathak S, Charters P, Daniels IR, Smart NJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of metronidazole in post-haemorrhoidectomy pain relief. Colorectal Dis. 2017;19:803–811.
    1. Gallo G, Mistrangelo M, Passera R, et al. Efficacy of mesoglycan in pain control after excisional hemorrhoidectomy: a pilot comparative prospective multicenter study. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2018;2018:6423895.
    1. Martellucci J, Naldini G, Del Popolo G, Carriero A. Sacral nerve modulation in the treatment of chronic pain after pelvic surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2012;14:502–507.
    1. Menconi C, Fabiani B, Giani I, Martellucci J, Toniolo G, Naldini G. Persistent anal and pelvic floor pain after PPH and STARR: surgical management of the fixed scar staple line. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2016;31:41–44.
    1. Sutherland LM, Burchard AK, Matsuda K, et al. A systematic review of stapled hemorrhoidectomy. Arch Surg. 2002;137:1395–1406.
    1. Andreuccetti J, Gaj F, Crispino P, Dassatti MR, Negro P. Hemoperitoneum: a rare complication of hemorrhoid treatment. Tech Coloproctol. 2014;18:399–401.
    1. Greensmith S, Ip B, Vujovic Z. Rectal perforation secondary to transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialisation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2017;99:e154–e155.
    1. Guy RJ, Seow-Choen F. Septic complications after treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg. 2003;90:147–156.
    1. Shao WJ, Li GC, Zhang ZH, Yang BL, Sun GD, Chen YQ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing stapled haemorrhoidopexy with conventional haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 2008;95:147–160.
    1. Johannsson HÖ, Påhlman L, Graf W. Functional and structural abnormalities after milligan hemorrhoidectomy: a comparison with healthy subjects. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56:903–908.
    1. Gravié JF, Lehur PA, Huten N, et al. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus Milligan–Morgan hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial with 2-year postoperative follow up. Ann Surg. 2005;242:29–35.

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren