Locomotive syndrome presents a risk for falls and fractures in the elderly Japanese population

Hiromi Matsumoto, Hiroshi Hagino, Takashi Wada, Eri Kobayashi, Hiromi Matsumoto, Hiroshi Hagino, Takashi Wada, Eri Kobayashi

Abstract

"Locomotive syndrome" is used to designate the condition of individuals with musculoskeletal disease who are highly likely to require nursing care. This article reviews screening, prevalence, causal and related factors, and the relationship between locomotive syndrome and falls and fractures in older adults with this syndrome. A few self-administered questionnaire tools are available to assess individuals for locomotive syndrome. Additionally, screening methods, including a physical functioning assessment, are appropriate for detailed discrimination of locomotive syndrome. The prevalence of locomotive syndrome is significantly higher in women than in men, and tends to increase markedly from 70 years of age. More severe locomotive syndrome is related to knee pain, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and lumbar disease. The incidence of falling in locomotive syndrome is higher than the incidence for the older population in general. Locomotive training including squats and a unipedal standing exercise has been recommending to prevent locomotive syndrome. This training improves muscle strength and balance function for older people who have a risk for locomotive syndrome.

Keywords: Fall; Fractures; Locomotive syndrome.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Relationship between frailty and locomotive syndrome. Locomotive syndrome is included in the concept of frailty that it is composed of three components.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Two-step test and stand-up test. (A) Two-step test: subjects move two steps forward to the maximum extent possible. The maximum two steps distance divided by individual's body height and the value for the 2 steps is summed. (B) Stand-up test: first, subjects sit on a 40 cm stool and stand up using one leg. If the subjects cannot perform this trial, they are allowed to try to standing from a 20 cm stool using both legs.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Loco-Tre. (A) Squat exercise: Legs are opened with the feet a shoulder-width apart, and with toes spread a little, and then the person squats as if sitting. If subjects have knee pain, they should be allowed to stabilize themselves using both hands on a table. (B) One-leg standing exercise: subjects stand on each leg for 30 s with their arms resting. If subjects had balance dysfunction or history of falling, they may be allowed to stabilize themselves using one or both hands on a table.

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