Clinical and microbiologic determinants of serious bloodstream infections in Egyptian pediatric cancer patients: a one-year study

Abstract

Objectives: Bloodstream infections (BSI) remain a major cause of morbidity and death in patients undergoing treatment for cancer. However, all recent epidemiological and therapeutic studies underline the absolute need for knowledge of the factors governing the infections in each center. The aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting BSI in the pediatric service of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Cairo University. More tailored policies for the treatment of patients with febrile neutropenia following chemotherapy can then be created.

Patients and methods: Over a 12-month period, all children with cancer and fever, with or without neutropenia, who were admitted to the NCI for empirical therapy of febrile episodes and who had a microbiologically confirmed bloodstream infection were studied retrospectively.

Results: A total of 328 BSI occurred in 1135 febrile episodes in pediatric cancer patients at the NCI in one year. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 168 episodes (51.2%) and 61.9% of the total isolates (either single or mixed), Gram-negative in 97 (29.6%), and mixed infections in 45 (13.7%). The common causative agents of bloodstream infections in this study were coagulase-negative staphylococci (16.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.4%), Streptococcus spp. (12.1%) followed by Acinetobacter spp. (6.7%) and Pseudomonas spp. (5.5%). Fungemia was encountered in 18 episodes, being mixed in nine of them. A more serious BSI in terms of a prolonged episode was encountered in 30.2% of the episodes and was significantly associated with patients being hospitalized, having intensified chemotherapy, polymicrobial and fungal infection, lower respiratory tract infections and persistent neutropenia at day seven.

Conclusions: In a large population of children, common clinical and laboratory risk factors were identified that can help predict more serious BSI. These results encourage the possibility of a more selective management strategy for these children.