EULAR/ACR classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups: a methodology report

Abstract

Objective: To describe the methodology used to develop new classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) and their major subgroups.

Methods: An international, multidisciplinary group of myositis experts produced a set of 93 potentially relevant variables to be tested for inclusion in the criteria. Rheumatology, dermatology, neurology and paediatric clinics worldwide collected data on 976 IIM cases (74% adults, 26% children) and 624 non-IIM comparator cases with mimicking conditions (82% adults, 18% children). The participating clinicians classified each case as IIM or non-IIM. Generally, the classification of any given patient was based on few variables, leaving remaining variables unmeasured. We investigated the strength of the association between all variables and between these and the disease status as determined by the physician. We considered three approaches: (1) a probability-score approach, (2) a sum-of-items approach criteria and (3) a classification-tree approach.

Results: The approaches yielded several candidate models that were scrutinised with respect to statistical performance and clinical relevance. The probability-score approach showed superior statistical performance and clinical practicability and was therefore preferred over the others. We developed a classification tree for subclassification of patients with IIM. A calculator for electronic devices, such as computers and smartphones, facilitates the use of the European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) classification criteria.

Conclusions: The new EULAR/ACR classification criteria provide a patient's probability of having IIM for use in clinical and research settings. The probability is based on a score obtained by summing the weights associated with a set of criteria items.

Keywords: autoimmune diseases; dermatomyositis; polymyositis.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: JAS has received research grants from Takeda and Savient and consultant fees from Savient, Takeda, Regeneron, Merz, Bioiberica, Crealta and Allergan. JAS serves as the principal investigator for an investigator-initiated study funded by Horizon pharmaceuticals through a grant to DINORA, Inc., a 501 (c)(3) entity. JAS is a member of the executive of OMERACT, an organisation that develops outcome measures in rheumatology and receives arms-length funding from 36 companies; a member of the American College of Rheumatology’s (ACR) Annual Meeting Planning Committee (AMPC); Chair of the ACR Meet-the-Professor, Workshop and Study Group Subcommittee; and a member of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee. HC and RGC’s work in myositis is partly funded by grants from Arthritis Research UK (18474) and the Medical Research Council (MR/N003322/1). JV’s work in myositis is supported by the Project (Ministry of Health, Czech Republic) for Conceptual Development of Research Organization 00023728.

Figures

Figure 1

European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria probability of having idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) over total score values. The total score is obtained from adding up the score values in table 1. Panel A corresponds to total score without muscle biopsy data and panel B with muscle biopsy data. Each score and probability of disease display a unique set of sensitivity (blue line) and specificity (red line) measurement for the classification criteria not including muscle biopsy data (C) or including muscle biopsy data (D). The optimal point of accuracy should be stated in publications and appropriate to the intended purpose, with the recommendation of using a minimum of 55% probability (score of 5.5 without biopsies; 6.7 with biopsies) for classifying a case as IIM (‘probable IIM’) (dotted line). ‘Definite IIM’ corresponds to a probability of at least 90% (score of 7.5 without biopsies; 8.7 with biopsies).

Figure 2

Classification tree for subgroups of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs). A patient must first be classified as having IIM using the European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) classification criteria. The patient can then be subclassified using the classification tree. The mixed (dotted outlined box) subgroup of patients with PM includes patients with IMNM. For IBM diagnosis, one of the following, *Finger flexor weakness and response to treatment: not improved or **Muscle biopsy: rimmed vacuoles, is required for diagnosis. ***Juvenile myositis other than JDM was developed based on expert opinion and extrapolation from adults. IMNM and hypomyopathic DM were too few to allow subclassification. ADM, amyopathic dermatomyositis; DM, dermatomyositis; IBM, inclusion body myositis; IMNM, immune-mediated necrotising myopathy; JDM, juvenile dermatomyositis; PM, polymyositis.