The effects of music & auditory beat stimulation on anxiety: A randomized clinical trial

Adiel Mallik, Frank A Russo, Adiel Mallik, Frank A Russo

Abstract

Background and objectives: Music and auditory beat stimulation (ABS) in the theta frequency range (4-7 Hz) are sound-based anxiety treatments that have been independently investigated in prior studies. Here, the anxiety-reducing potential of calm music combined with theta ABS was examined in a large sample of participants.

Methods: An open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted with participants taking anxiolytics (n = 163). Participants were randomly assigned using the Qualtrics randomizer algorithm, to a single session of sound-based treatment in one of four parallel arms: combined (music & ABS; n = 39), music-alone (n = 36), ABS-alone (n = 41), or pink noise (control; n = 47). Pre- and post-intervention somatic and cognitive state anxiety measures were collected along with trait anxiety, personality measures and musical preferences. The study was completed online using a custom application.

Results: Based on trait anxiety scores participants were separated into moderate and high trait anxiety sub-groups. Among participants with moderate trait anxiety, we observed reductions in somatic anxiety that were greater in combined and music-alone conditions than in the pink noise condition; and reductions in cognitive state anxiety that were greater in the combined condition than in the music-alone, ABS-alone, and pink noise conditions. While we also observed reductions in somatic and cognitive state anxiety in participants with high trait anxiety, the conditions were not well differentiated.

Conclusions: Sound-based treatments are effective in reducing somatic and cognitive state anxiety. For participants with moderate trait anxiety, combined conditions were most efficacious.

Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Frank Russo has served as an advisor for LUCID (the company which supplied the music curation system) since 2018 and as Chief Science Officer since 2021. He has been granted stock options, which may qualify him to financially benefit from commercial applications of the technology considered here.

Figures

Fig 1. CONSORT participant flow diagram.
Fig 1. CONSORT participant flow diagram.
Fig 2
Fig 2
Mean somatic (A) and cognitive (B) state anxiety reduction in moderate trait anxiety participants. * Indicates p

Fig 3

Mean somatic (A) and cognitive…

Fig 3

Mean somatic (A) and cognitive (B) state anxiety reduction in high trait anxiety…

Fig 3
Mean somatic (A) and cognitive (B) state anxiety reduction in high trait anxiety participants. * Indicates p

Fig 4

Mean positive affect increase (A)…

Fig 4

Mean positive affect increase (A) and negative affect decrease (B). ** indicates p…

Fig 4
Mean positive affect increase (A) and negative affect decrease (B). ** indicates p
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References
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Show all 98 references
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Grant support
Dr. Adiel Mallik would like to acknowledge the support of the Mitacs Accelerate (IT16618) and Mitacs Industrial Accelerate (IT17123) grants. The funders played no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Fig 3
Fig 3
Mean somatic (A) and cognitive (B) state anxiety reduction in high trait anxiety participants. * Indicates p

Fig 4

Mean positive affect increase (A)…

Fig 4

Mean positive affect increase (A) and negative affect decrease (B). ** indicates p…

Fig 4
Mean positive affect increase (A) and negative affect decrease (B). ** indicates p
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Phillips SP, Yu J. Is anxiety/depression increasing among 5–25 year-olds? A cross-sectional prevalence study in Ontario, Canada, 1997–2017. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021;282:141–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.178 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Greenberg PE, Sisitsky T, Kessler RC, Finkelstein SN, Berndt ER, Davidson JR, et al.. The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(7):427–35. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v60n0702 . - DOI - PubMed
    1. DuPont RL, Rice DP, Miller LS, Shiraki SS, Rowland CR, Harwood HJ. Economic costs of anxiety disorders. Anxiety. 1996;2(4):167–72. 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7154(1996)2:4<167::AID-ANXI2>3.0.CO;2-L. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Twenge JM, Joiner TE. U.S. Census Bureau-assessed prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2019 and during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Depression and Anxiety. 2020;37(10):954–6. doi: 10.1002/da.23077 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Juruena MF, Eror F, Cleare AJ, Young AH. The Role of Early Life Stress in HPA Axis and Anxiety. In: Kim Y-K, editor. Anxiety Disorders: Rethinking and Understanding Recent Discoveries. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2020. p. 141–53. - PubMed
Show all 98 references
Publication types
Related information
Grant support
Dr. Adiel Mallik would like to acknowledge the support of the Mitacs Accelerate (IT16618) and Mitacs Industrial Accelerate (IT17123) grants. The funders played no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
[x]
Cite
Copy Download .nbib
Format: AMA APA MLA NLM
Fig 4
Fig 4
Mean positive affect increase (A) and negative affect decrease (B). ** indicates p

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Source: PubMed

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