Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer

Prashanth Rawla, Tagore Sunkara, Krishna Chaitanya Thandra, Adam Barsouk, Prashanth Rawla, Tagore Sunkara, Krishna Chaitanya Thandra, Adam Barsouk

Abstract

According to GLOBOCAN 2018 data, gallbladder cancer (GBC) accounts for 1.2% of all global cancer diagnoses, but 1.7% of all cancer deaths. Only 1 in 5 GBC cases in the United States is diagnosed at an early stage, and median survival for advanced stage cancer is no more than about a year. The incidence of the disease is increasing in the developed world. Gallstones, biliary cysts, carcinogen exposure, typhoid, and Helicobacter pylori infection, and abnormal pancreaticobiliary duct junctions are all risk factors, many of which account for its geographical, ethnic and sex distribution. Genetics also plays a strong role, as about a quarter of GBC cases are considered familial, and certain ethnicities, such as Native Americans, are at far higher risk for the neoplasm. Prevention includes weight loss, vaccination against and treatment of bacterial infections, early detection and elimination of polyps and cysts, and avoidance of oral estrogen replacement therapy.

Keywords: etiology; incidence; mortality; risk factor; survival.

Conflict of interest statement

Authors report no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map showing estimated age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) in 2018 for gallbladder cancer, both sexes, all ages. Created with mapchart.net. Data obtained from Globocan 2018 [7]
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Bar chart showing the estimated age-standardized cancer mortality rates (world) in 2018, worldwide, both sexes, all ages (reproduced from http://globocan.iarc.fr/ [7])
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Map showing estimated age-standardized mortality rates (ASR) in 2018 for gallbladder cancer, both sexes, all ages. Created with mapchart.net. Data obtained from Globocan 2018 [7]
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Trends in gallbladder cancer incidence (1975-2015) rates by sex, US [9]
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Gallbladder cancer 5-year SEER relative survival rates, 2008-2014 by sex and stage at diagnosis [9]
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Mortality – age-standardized rates (world) vs. Human Development Index, gallbladder, in 2018, both sexes, all ages (reproduced from http://globocan.iarc.fr/ [7])

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