A review of the foot function index and the foot function index - revised

Elly Budiman-Mak, Kendon J Conrad, Jessica Mazza, Rodney M Stuck, Elly Budiman-Mak, Kendon J Conrad, Jessica Mazza, Rodney M Stuck

Abstract

Background: The Foot Function Index (FFI) is a self-report, foot-specific instrument measuring pain and disability and has been widely used to measure foot health for over twenty years. A revised FFI (FFI-R) was developed in response to criticism of the FFI. The purpose of this review was to assess the uses of FFI and FFI-R as were reported in medical and surgical literature and address the suggestions found in the literature to improve the metrics of FFI-R.

Methods: A systematic literature search of PubMed/Medline and Embase databases from October 1991 through December 2010 comprised the main sources of literature. To enrich the bibliography, the search was extended to BioMedLib and Scopus search engines and manual search methods. Search terms included FFI, FFI scores, FFI-R. Requirements included abstracts/full length articles, English-language publications, and articles containing the term "foot complaints/problems." Articles selected were scrutinized; EBM abstracted data from literature and collected into tables designed for this review. EBM analyzed tables, KJC, JM, RMS reviewed and confirmed table contents. KJC and JM reanalyzed the original database of FFI-R to improve metrics.

Results: Seventy-eight articles qualified for this review, abstracts were compiled into 12 tables. FFI and FFI-R were used in studies of foot and ankle disorders in 4700 people worldwide. FFI Full scale or the Subscales and FFI-R were used as outcome measures in various studies; new instruments were developed based on FFI subscales. FFI Full scale was adapted/translated into other cultures. FFI and FFI-R psychometric properties are reported in this review. Reanalysis of FFI-R subscales' confirmed unidimensionality, and the FFI-R questionnaires' response categories were edited into four responses for ease of use.

Conclusion: This review was limited to articles published in English in the past twenty years. FFI is used extensively worldwide; this instrument pioneered a quantifiable measure of foot health, and thus has shifted the paradigm of outcome measure to subjective, patient-centered, valid, reliable and responsive hard data endpoints. Edited FFI-R into four response categories will enhance its user friendliness for measuring foot health.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Algorithm of searched and screened for qualified paper.

References

    1. Benvenuti F, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Gangemi S, Baroni A. Foot pain and disability in older persons: an epidemiologic survey. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:479–484.
    1. Leveille SG, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Hirsch R, Simonsick E, Hochberg MC. Foot pain and disability in older women. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:657–665. doi: 10.1093/aje/148.7.657.
    1. Kuyvenhoven MM, Gorter KJ, Zuithoff P, Budiman-Mak E, Conrad KJ, Post MW. The foot function index with verbal rating scales (FFI-5pt): a clinimetric evaluation and comparison with the original FFI. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:1023–1028.
    1. Novak P, Burger H, Marincek C, Meh D. Influence of foot pain on walking ability of diabetic patients. J Rehabil Med. 2004;36:249–252. doi: 10.1080/16501970410029816.
    1. Menz HB, Lord SR. The contribution of foot problems to mobility impairment and falls in community-dwelling older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:1651–1656. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2001.49275.x.
    1. Menz HB, Lord SR. Foot pain impairs balance and functional ability in community-dwelling older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2001;91:222–229.
    1. Budiman-Mak E, Conrad KJ, Roach KE. The Foot Function Index: a measure of foot pain and disability. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44:561–570. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(91)90220-4.
    1. Nunally J, Bernstein I. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994.
    1. Bennett PJ, Patterson C, Wearing S, Baglioni T. Development and validation of a questionnaire designed to measure foot-health status. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1998;88:419–428.
    1. Landorf KB, Keenan AM. An evaluation of two foot-specific, health-related quality-of-life measuring instruments. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23:538–546.
    1. Budiman-Mak E, Conrad K, Stuck R, Matters M. Theoretical model and Rasch analysis to develop a revised Foot Function Index. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:519–527.
    1. International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps. [ ]
    1. Walmsley S, Williams AE, Ravey M, Graham A. The rheumatoid foot: a systematic literature review of patient-reported outcome measures. J Foot Ankle Res. 2010;3:12. doi: 10.1186/1757-1146-3-12.
    1. Linacre JM. Winsteps Rasch Measurement (Version 3.72.0) 2011.
    1. Linacre JM. Structure in Rasch residuals:Why principal components analysis (PCA)? Rasch Measurement Transactions. 1998;1:636.
    1. Linacre JM. Detecting multidimensionality: which residuals data-type works best? J Outcome Meas. 1998;2:266–283.
    1. Smith EW Jr. Detecting and evaluating the impact of multidimensionality using item fit statistics and principal component analysis of residuals. J Appl Meas. 2002;3:205–231.
    1. Reckase M. Unifactor latent trait model applied to multifactor tests: results and implications. J Educ and Behav Stat. 1979;4:207–230.
    1. Embretson SE, Reise SP. Item response theory for psychologists. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc; 2000.
    1. Bond TG, Fox CM. Applying the Rasch model: fundamental measurement in the human sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2007.
    1. Linacre JM. Investigating rating scale category utility. J Outcome Meas. 1999;3:103–122.
    1. Linacre JM. Optimizing rating scale category effectiveness. J Appl Meas. 2002;3:85–106.
    1. Saag KG, Saltzman CL, Brown CK, Budiman-Mak E. The Foot Function Index for measuring rheumatoid arthritis pain: evaluating side-to-side reliability. Foot Ankle Int. 1996;17:506–510.
    1. Domsic RT, Saltzman CL. Ankle osteoarthritis scale. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19:466–471.
    1. Agel J, Beskin JL, Brage M, Guyton GP, Kadel NJ, Saltzman CL, Sands AK, Sangeorzan BJ, Soohoo NF, Stroud CC. et al.Reliability of the Foot Function Index: a report of the AOFAS Outcomes Committee. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26:962–967.
    1. Bal A, Aydog E, Aydog ST, Cakci A. Foot deformities in rheumatoid arthritis and relevance of foot function index. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25:671–675. doi: 10.1007/s10067-005-0115-z.
    1. Soohoo NF, Samimi DB, Vyas RM, Botzler T. Evaluation of the validity of the Foot Function Index in measuring outcomes in patients with foot and ankle disorders. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:38–42.
    1. Shrader JA, Popovich JM Jr, Gracey GC, Danoff JV. Navicular drop measurement in people with rheumatoid arthritis: interrater and intrarater reliability. Phys Ther. 2005;85:656–664.
    1. Helliwell P, Reay N, Gilworth G, Redmond A, Slade A, Tennant A, Woodburn J. Development of a foot impact scale for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;53:418–422. doi: 10.1002/art.21176.
    1. VanderLeeden M, Steultjens M, Dekker JH, Prins AP, Dekker J. Forefoot joint damage, pain and disability in rheumatoid arthritis patients with foot complaints: the role of plantar pressure and gait characteristics. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:465–469. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kei186.
    1. Lau JT, Mahomed NM, Schon LC. Results of an Internet survey determining the most frequently used ankle scores by AOFAS members. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26:479–482.
    1. Baumhauer JF, Nawoczenski DA, DiGiovanni BF, Wilding GE. Reliability and validity of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Clinical Rating Scale: a pilot study for the hallux and lesser toes. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:1014–1019.
    1. Ibrahim T, Beiri A, Azzabi M, Best AJ, Taylor GJ, Menon DK. Reliability and validity of the subjective component of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society clinical rating scales. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2007;46:65–74. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2006.12.002.
    1. Naal FD, Impellizzeri FM, Huber M, Rippstein PF. Cross -culteral adaptation and validation of the Foot function Index for use in German -speaking patients with foot complaints. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;12:1222–1228.
    1. Baldassin V, Gomes CR, Beraldo PS. Effectiveness of prefabricated and customized foot orthoses made from low-cost foam for noncomplicated plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:701–706. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.11.002.
    1. Wu SH, Liang HW, Hou WH. Reliability and validity of the Taiwan Chinese version of the Foot Function Index. J Formos Med Assoc. 2008;107:111–118. doi: 10.1016/S0929-6646(08)60124-2.
    1. Stropek S, Dvorak M. Arthroscopic treatment for calcaneal spur syndrome. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2008;75:363–368.
    1. Foot Function Index Spanish Translation. [ ]
    1. Lin SS, Bono CM, Treuting R, Shereff MJ. Limited intertarsal arthrodesis using bone grafting and pin fixation. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:742–748.
    1. Grondal L, Hedstrom M, Stark A. Arthrodesis compared to Mayo resection of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in total rheumatoid forefoot reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26:135–139.
    1. van der Krans A, Louwerens JW, Anderson P. Adult acquired flexible flatfoot, treated by calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis, posterior tibial tendon augmentation, and percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening: a prospective outcome study of 20 patients. Acta Orthop. 2006;77:156–163. doi: 10.1080/17453670610045858.
    1. Stegman M, Anderson PG, Lowerens JWK. Triple arthrodesis of the hindfoot, a short term prospective outcome study. Foot Ankle Surg. 2006. pp. 71–77.
    1. Vesely R, Prochazka V, Visna P, Valentova J, Savolt J. Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis using a retrograde nail locked in the sagittal plane. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2008;75:129–133.
    1. Doets HC, Zurcher AW. Salvage arthrodesis for failed total ankle arthroplasty. Acta Orthop. 2010;81:142–147. doi: 10.3109/17453671003628764.
    1. Jung HG, Myerson MS, Schon LC. Spectrum of operative treatments and clinical outcomes for atraumatic osteoarthritis of the tarsometatarsal joints. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28:482–489. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2007.0482.
    1. van Doeselaar DJ, Heesterbeek PJC, Louwerens JWK, Swierstra BA. Foot Function After Fusion of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31:670–675. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2010.0670.
    1. Niki H, Hirano T, Okada H, Beppu M. Combination joint-preserving surgery for forefoot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92:380–386. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.92B3.23186.
    1. Ibrahim T, Taylor G. The new press-fit ceramic Moje metatarsophalangeal joint replacement; short-term outcomes. The Foot. 2004;14:124–128. doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2004.01.002.
    1. Taranow WS, Moutsatson MJ, Cooper JM. Contemporary Approaches to stage II and III Hallux Rigidus: The role of Metalic Hemiarthroplasty of the Proximal Phalanx. Foot Ankle Clinic N Am. 2005;10:713–728. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2005.06.011.
    1. Schutte BG, Louwerens JW. Short-term results of our first 49 Scandanavian total ankle replacements (STAR) Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29:124–127. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2008.0124.
    1. Bonnin MP, Laurent JR, Casillas M. Ankle function and sports activity after total ankle arthroplasty. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:933–944. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2009.0933.
    1. Vallier HA, Nork SE, Barei DP, Benirschke SK, Sangeorzan BJ. Talar neck fractures: results and outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A:1616–1624.
    1. Harris AM, Patterson BM, Sontich JK, Vallier HA. Results and outcomes after operative treatment of high-energy tibial plafond fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:256–265.
    1. Potter MQ, Nunley JA. Long-term functional outcomes after operative treatment for intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:1854–1860. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.H.01475.
    1. Gaskill T, Schweitzer K, Nunley J. Comparison of surgical outcomes of intra-articular calcaneal fractures by age. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:2884–2889. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.J.00089.
    1. Mulcahy D, Daniels TR, Lau JT, Boyle E, Bogoch E. Rheumatoid forefoot deformity: a comparison study of 2 functional methods of reconstruction. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:1440–1450.
    1. Ward CM, Dolan LA, Bennett DL, Morcuende JA, Cooper RR. Long-term results of reconstruction for treatment of a flexible cavovarus foot in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:2631–2642. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.G.01356.
    1. Schlegel UJ, Batal A, Pritsch M, Sobottke R, Roellinghoff M, Eysel P, Michael JW. Functional midterm outcome in 131 consecutive cases of surgical clubfoot treatment. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2010;130:1077–1081. doi: 10.1007/s00402-009-0948-z.
    1. van der Heide HJ, Louwerens JW. Reconstructing the rheumatoid forefoot. Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;16:117–121. doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2009.07.001.
    1. Kroon M, Faber FW, van derLinden M. Joint preservation surgery for correction of flexible pes cavovarus in adults. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31:24–29. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2010.0024.
    1. Watson TS, Anderson RB, Davis WH, Kiebzak GM. Distal tarsal tunnel release with partial plantar fasciotomy for chronic heel pain: an outcome analysis. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23:530–537.
    1. Daniels TR, Thomas R, Bell TH, Neligan PC. Functional outcome of the foot and ankle after free fibular graft. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26:597–601.
    1. Lee S, James WC, Cohen BE, Davis WH, Anderson RB. Evaluation of hallux alignment and functional outcome after isolated tibial sesamoidectomy. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26:803–809.
    1. Soohoo NF, Vyas R, Samimi D. Responsiveness of the foot function index, AOFAS clinical rating systems, and SF-36 after foot and ankle surgery. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:930–934.
    1. Castellani C, Riedl G, Eberl R, Grechenig S, Weinberg AM. Transitional fractures of the distal tibia: a minimal access approach for osteosynthesis. J Trauma. 2009;67:1371–1375. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31818866fd.
    1. Aurich M, Bedi HS, Smith PJ, Rolauffs B, Muckley T, Clayton J, Blackney M. Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the ankle with matrix-associated chondrocyte implantation: early clinical and magnetic resonance imaging results. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:311–319. doi: 10.1177/0363546510381575.
    1. Eberl R, Singer G, Schalamon J, Hausbrandt P, Hoellwarth ME. Fractures of the talus–differences between children and adolescents. J Trauma. 2010;68:126–130. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181a74667.
    1. Caselli MA, Levitz SJ, Clark N, Lazarus S, Velez Z, Venegas L. Comparison of Viscoped and PORON for painful submetatarsal hyperkeratotic lesions. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1997;87:6–10.
    1. de PMagalhaes E, Davitt M, Filho DJ, Battistella LR, Bertolo MB. The effect of foot orthoses in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:449–453. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kei163.
    1. Conrad KJ, Budiman-Mak E, Roach KE, Hedeker D, Caraballada R, Burks D, Moore H. Impacts of foot orthoses on pain and disability in rheumatoid arthritics. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49:1–7. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(96)00534-3.
    1. Williams AE, Rome K, Nester CJ. A clinical trial of specialist footwear for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:302–307.
    1. Cho NS, Hwang JH, Chang HJ, Koh EM, Park HS. Randomized controlled trial for clinical effects of varying types of insoles combined with specialized shoes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the foot. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23:512–521. doi: 10.1177/0269215508101737.
    1. Welsh BJ, Redmond AC, Chockalingam N, Keenan AM. A case-series study to explore the efficacy of foot orthoses in treating first metatarsophalangeal joint pain. J Foot Ankle Res. 2010;3:17. doi: 10.1186/1757-1146-3-17.
    1. Budiman-Mak E, Conrad KJ, Roach KE, Moore JW, Lertratanakul Y, Koch AE, Skosey JL, Froelich C, Joyce-Clark N. Can Foot Orthoses Prevent Hallux Valgus Deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis? A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Rheumatol. 1995;1:313–322. doi: 10.1097/00124743-199512000-00001.
    1. Rao S, Baumhauer JF, Becica L, Nawoczenski DA. Shoe inserts alter plantar loading and function in patients with midfoot arthritis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39:522–531.
    1. Rao S, Baumhauer JF, Tome J, Nawoczenski DA. Orthoses alter in vivo segmental foot kinematics during walking in patients with midfoot arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91:608–614. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.11.027.
    1. Caselli MA, Clark N, Lazarus S, Velez Z, Venegas L. Evaluation of magnetic foil and PPT Insoles in the treatment of heel pain. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1997;87:11–16.
    1. Pfeffer G, Bacchetti P, Deland J, Lewis A, Anderson R, Davis W, Alvarez R, Brodsky J, Cooper P, Frey C. et al.Comparison of custom and prefabricated orthoses in the initial treatment of proximal plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Int. 1999;20:214–221.
    1. Gross MT, Byers JM, Krafft JL, Lackey EJ, Melton KM. The impact of custom semirigid foot orthotics on pain and disability for individuals with plantar fasciitis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002;32:149–157.
    1. Woodburn J, Barker S, Helliwell PS. A randomized controlled trial of foot orthoses in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:1377–1383.
    1. Lin JL, Balbas J, Richardson EG. Results of non-surgical treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: A 7- to 10-year followup. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29:781–786. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2008.0781.
    1. Slattery M, Tinley P. The efficacy of functional foot orthoses in the control of pain in ankle joint disintegration in hemophilia. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2001;91:240–244.
    1. Powell M, Seid M, Szer IS. Efficacy of custom foot orthotics in improving pain and functional status in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a randomized trial. J Rheumatol. 2005;32:943–950.
    1. Novak P, Burger H, Tomsic M, Marincek C, Vidmar G. Influence of foot orthoses on plantar pressures, foot pain and walking ability of rheumatoid arthritis patients–a randomised controlled study. Disabil Rehabil. 2009;31:638–645. doi: 10.1080/09638280802239441.
    1. Clark H, Rome K, Atkinson I, Plant M, Dixon J. The clinical effectiveness of foot orthoses in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:Suppl. 171.
    1. Cui Q, Milbrandt T, Millington S, Anderson M, Hurwitz S. Treatment of posttraumatic adhesive capsulitis of the ankle: a case series. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26:602–606.
    1. DiGiovanni BF, Nawoczenski DA, Malay DP, Graci PA, Williams TT, Wilding GE, Baumhauer JF. Plantar fascia-specific stretching exercise improves outcomes in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis. A prospective clinical trial with two-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(8):1775–1781. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.01281.
    1. Kulig K, Lederhaus ES, Reischl S, Arya S, Bashford G. Effect of eccentric exercise program for early tibialis posterior tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:877–885. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2009.0877.
    1. Rompe JD, Cacchio A, Weil L Jr, Furia JP, Haist J, Reiners V, Schmitz C, Maffulli N. Plantar fascia-specific stretching versus radial shock-wave therapy as initial treatment of plantar fasciopathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:2514–2522. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.I.01651.
    1. Williams AE, Bowden AP. Meeting the challenge for foot health in rheumatic diseases. The Foot. 2004;14:154–158. doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2004.03.006.
    1. Williams AE, O'Neil TW, Mercer S, Toro B, Nester CJ. Foot pathology in patients with Paget's disease of bone. J Am Podiatr Med Asoc. 2006;96:226–231.
    1. Kamanli A, Suluhan O, Ozgocmen S, Kaya A, Ciftci I, Ardicoglu O. Measurement of Foot Bone Mineral Density in Rheumatoid arthritis: Its Application and Clinical Relevance. Turk J Rheumatol. 2010;25:56–62. doi: 10.5152/tjr.2010.02.
    1. Kavlak Y, Demirtas N. Effect Of Foot Problems On Foot Function In Elderly Men. Turk J Geriatri. 2010;13:191–196.
    1. Goldstein CL, Schemitsch E, Bhandari M, Mathew G, Petrisor BA. Comparison of Different Outcome Instruments Following Foot and Ankle Trauma. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31:1075–1080. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2010.1075.
    1. Rosenbaum D, Schmiegel A, Meermeier M, Gaubitz M. Plantar sensitivity, foot loading and walking pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:212–214.
    1. Schmiegel A, Rosenbaum D, Schorat A, Hilker A, Gaubitz M. Assessment of foot impairment in rheumatoid arthritis patients by dynamic pedobarography. Gait Posture. 2008;27:110–114. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.02.008.
    1. Trevethan R. Evaluation of two self-referent foot health instruments. Foot (Edinb) 2010;20(4):101–108.
    1. Martin RL, Irrgang JJ. A survey of self-reported outcome instruments for the foot and ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37:72–84. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2403.
    1. Landorf KB, Burns J. In: Merriman's Assessment of the Lower Limb. 3. Ben Y, Merriman LM, editor. Philadelphia, PA 19103–2899: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier Limited; 2009. Health Outcome Assessment; p. 33.
    1. Button G, Pinney S. A meta-analysis of outcome rating scales in foot and ankle surgery: is there a valid, reliable, and responsive system? Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25:521–525.
    1. Landorf KB, Radford JA. Minimal important difference: Values for the Foot Health Status Questionnaire, Foot function Index and Visual Analogue Scale. The Foot. 2008;18:15–19. doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2007.06.006.
    1. van der LM, Steultjens MP, Terwee CB, Rosenbaum D, Turner D, Woodburn J, Dekker J. A systematic review of instruments measuring foot function, foot pain, and foot-related disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:1257–1269. doi: 10.1002/art.24016.
    1. Jannink MJ, deVries J, Stewart RE, Groothoff JW, Lankhorst GJ. Questionnaire for usability evaluation of orthopaedic shoes: construction and reliability in patients with degenerative disorders of the foot. J Rehabil Med. 2004;36:242–248. doi: 10.1080/16501970410033569.
    1. Rogers JC, Irrgang JJ. Measures of Adult Lower Extremity Function. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49:S67–S84. doi: 10.1002/art.11401.

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren