Oral Iron for the Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia in SGLT2i-Treated Heart Failure Patients

Inclusion Criteria:

• 1) Previous diagnosis of heart failure, irrespective of ejection fraction;
• 2) Iron deficiency anemia defined as hemoglobin <13 g/dL in men or <12 g/dL in women, with transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20%;
• 3) Ongoing treatment with an SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) for more than 3 months at the time of enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1) Concomitant use of intravenous iron, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), red blood cell transfusions, or other blood products within 3 months before enrollment;
• 2) Severe anemia, defined as hemoglobin <7 g/dL or clinical indication for transfusion;
• 3) Relevant intercurrent illnesses associated with inflammatory response (e.g., infection, acute kidney injury, or acute decompensated heart failure) within 3 months before enrollment;
• 4) Confirmed or suspected active bleeding;
• 5) End-stage renal disease or receiving renal replacement therapy;
• 6) History of any type of active cancer;
• 7) History of solid or non-solid organ transplantation.