Cholinergic Potentiation and Audiovisual Repetition-Imitation Therapy Improve Speech Production and Communication Deficits in a Person with Crossed Aphasia by Inducing Structural Plasticity in White Matter Tracts

Marcelo L Berthier, Irene De-Torres, José Paredes-Pacheco, Núria Roé-Vellvé, Karl Thurnhofer-Hemsi, María J Torres-Prioris, Francisco Alfaro, Ignacio Moreno-Torres, Diana López-Barroso, Guadalupe Dávila, Marcelo L Berthier, Irene De-Torres, José Paredes-Pacheco, Núria Roé-Vellvé, Karl Thurnhofer-Hemsi, María J Torres-Prioris, Francisco Alfaro, Ignacio Moreno-Torres, Diana López-Barroso, Guadalupe Dávila

Abstract

Donepezil (DP), a cognitive-enhancing drug targeting the cholinergic system, combined with massed sentence repetition training augmented and speeded up recovery of speech production deficits in patients with chronic conduction aphasia and extensive left hemisphere infarctions (Berthier et al., 2014). Nevertheless, a still unsettled question is whether such improvements correlate with restorative structural changes in gray matter and white matter pathways mediating speech production. In the present study, we used pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging to study treatment-induced brain changes in gray matter and white matter tracts in a right-handed male with chronic conduction aphasia and a right subcortical lesion (crossed aphasia). A single-patient, open-label multiple-baseline design incorporating two different treatments and two post-treatment evaluations was used. The patient received an initial dose of DP (5 mg/day) which was maintained during 4 weeks and then titrated up to 10 mg/day and administered alone (without aphasia therapy) during 8 weeks (Endpoint 1). Thereafter, the drug was combined with an audiovisual repetition-imitation therapy (Look-Listen-Repeat, LLR) during 3 months (Endpoint 2). Language evaluations, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) were performed at baseline and at both endpoints in JAM and once in 21 healthy control males. Treatment with DP alone and combined with LLR therapy induced marked improvement in aphasia and communication deficits as well as in selected measures of connected speech production, and phrase repetition. The obtained gains in speech production remained well-above baseline scores even 4 months after ending combined therapy. Longitudinal DWI showed structural plasticity in the right frontal aslant tract and direct segment of the arcuate fasciculus with both interventions. VBM revealed no structural changes in other white matter tracts nor in cortical areas linked by these tracts. In conclusion, cholinergic potentiation alone and combined with a model-based aphasia therapy improved language deficits by promoting structural plastic changes in right white matter tracts.

Keywords: aphasia therapy; crossed aphasia; donepezil; neuroimaging; structural plasticity.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
The graphs depict performance on language (WAB-AQ) and everyday communication (Communicative Activity Log), four measures of speech fluency, and repetition of idiomatic clichés and novel phrases at baseline, two endpoints, and two washout periods. The most impressive beneficial changes in language and communication and in measures of speech fluency (number of words, number of words per minute, correct information units [CIU] and % of CIU) were observed with donepezil (DP) alone (week 0 vs. week 16). As expected, the action of DP was enhanced on repetition of clichés and novel phrases during audiovisual repetition-imitation training (week 16 vs. week 28). WAB-AQ indicates Western Aphasia Battery. See further details in text.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Depiction of an old right subcortical hemorrhage on a Short-TI Inversion Recovery (STIR) MRI sequence. Axial views of MRI-STIR images are shown in native space. The MRI shows an extensive lesion with a semilunar configuration involving the right striatum-capsular region extending into the surrounding white matter. Mild post-stroke right temporal-parietal cortical atrophy is evident. See text for further details. The neurological convention is used. R, right.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Depiction of the patient’s lesion mask in the time point 1 (BL) and in the time point 3 (DP + T) over the patient’s normalized sagittal T1-weighted image. The lesion mask drawn of the initial MRI (16 months post-stroke onset) was larger in the third MRI (28 weeks after study entry) due to expansion of its subinsular component. The observed lesion expansion probably resulted from retraction of cortical tissues due to focal temporal-parietal post-stroke atrophy (see Figure 2).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Tractography reconstruction of the left and right frontal aslant tracts (FAT) on the coronal plane in the three different time points. White matter microstructural changes are observed in the FAT in the baseline (BL), after drug treatment with donepezil (D) alone and after combined Donepezil and therapy (D + T). At the top, the FAT is showed bilaterally over imposed on the T1-weighted patient’s image in native space. At the bottom, the FAT volume is plotted for each hemisphere. Note that the volume pattern of the left FAT is more stable than the volume of the right FAT which increases progressively across the study phases. Neurological convention is used. R, right.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
White matter voxel-based morphometry (VBM) results in the FAT region of interest. Control group > Patient JAM: compared to patient JAM, the control group presented greater white matter volume in the region corresponding to the FAT in the right hemisphere (see Table 2 and “Results”). This difference decreases after the DP phase, and after the DP-LLR therapy phase. No differences were found in the left hemisphere. Neurological convention is used. R, right.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
White matter VBM results in the arcuate fasciculus region of interest. Control group > Patient: compared to patient JAM, control group presented greater white matter volume in the region corresponding to the arcuate fasciculus in the right hemisphere (see Table 3 and “Results”). No differences were found in the left hemisphere. Neurological convention is used. R, right.

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