Relation of Birth Weight to Heart Rate in Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood (from the Bogalusa Heart Study)

Abstract

Low birth weight is associated with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in adulthood. However, information is limited regarding its impact on heart rate (HR), an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study assessed the hypothesis that birth weight is associated with HR at rest at different ages. The study sample consisted of 6,282 black and white participants enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study, aged 4 to 52 years with a mean age of 19.4 years. HR data at rest were available in 2,344 children (4 to 11 years old), 1,622 adolescents (12 to 19 years old), and 2,316 adults (20 to 52 years old). Birth certificate records, including information on birth weight and gestational age, were obtained from the Louisiana State Office of Public Health. HR showed a significant decreasing trend with increasing age, with blacks having a lower slope than whites. In multivariable linear regression analyses, adjusted for age, race, gender, body mass index, and gestational age, the association between lower birth weight (kg) and increased HR (beats/min) was significant in adults (regression coefficient, β = -1.21, p = 0.006) but not significant in children (β = -0.31, p = 0.461) and adolescents (β = -0.72, p = 0.157). The association did not differ significantly between races. The birth weight-HR association did not change markedly in the models without adjustment for body mass index. In conclusion, these results suggest that the association of prenatal growth retardation with increased cardiovascular disease risk in later life might be partly through its relation with HR at rest.

Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure(s) Statement The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1

Correlation between age and heart rate in whites and blacks β=−0.528, p

Figure 2

Covariates-adjusted mean values of heart rate by race- and sex-specific quartiles of gestational age-adjusted birth weight in children (panel A), adolescents (panel B), and adults (panel C). Covariates included age, sex, race (for the total sample) and BMI