The human bocaviruses: a review and discussion of their role in infection

Brian D W Chow, Frank P Esper, Brian D W Chow, Frank P Esper

Abstract

Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly recognized human parvovirus first reported in 2005. Since its discovery, this virus has been associated with upper and lower respiratory tract disease and gastroenteritis worldwide. This article is a comprehensive review of what is known about HBoV. It includes an evaluation of diagnostic modalities, symptoms occurring in affected patients, and a discussion as to whether HBoV is responsible for identified clinical manifestations. The article reviews the incidence and effect of coinfection and updates on related members (HBoV-2 and HBoV-3) recently reported. Understanding of respiratory viruses such as HBoV remains vitally important to the health of adult and pediatric patients.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Phylogenetic analysis of Animal and Human Parvovirus Species. Unrooted radial tree of representative animal and human parvovirus strains (HBoV-1 [GenBank accession no. NC_007455.1], HBoV-2 [NC_012042.1]; HBoV-3 [NC_012564.1]; Bovine Parvovirus [DQ335247.1], Canine Minute Virus [NC_004442.1], Parvovirus B19 [AY386330.1]; Human Parvovirus 4 [EU874248.1], and Human Parvovirus 5 [DQ873391.1]) is displayed. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed using the PHYLIP program DNAML, with the default transition to transversion ratio of 2.0 and 1 jumble. One hundred bootstrap data sets were created using the PHYLIP program SEQBOOT. Bootstrap values are displayed at major branch points.

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