Determining population and developmental pharmacokinetics of metronidazole using plasma and dried blood spot samples from premature infants
Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, Mario Sampson, Barry T Bloom, Antonio Arrieta, James L Wynn, Karen Martz, Barrie Harper, Gregory L Kearns, Edmund V Capparelli, David Siegel, Daniel K Benjamin Jr, P Brian Smith, Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act–Pediatric Trials Network, Daniel K Benjamin Jr, Katherine Berezny, Jeffrey Barrett, Edmund Capparelli, Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, Gregory L Kearns, Matthew Laughon, Andre Muelenaer, T Michael O'Shea, Ian M Paul, P Brian Smith, John van den Anker, Kelly Wade, David Siegel, Perdita Taylor-Zapata, Anne Zajicek, Alice Pagan, Ravinder Anand, Traci Clemons, Gina Simone, Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, Mario Sampson, Barry T Bloom, Antonio Arrieta, James L Wynn, Karen Martz, Barrie Harper, Gregory L Kearns, Edmund V Capparelli, David Siegel, Daniel K Benjamin Jr, P Brian Smith, Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act–Pediatric Trials Network, Daniel K Benjamin Jr, Katherine Berezny, Jeffrey Barrett, Edmund Capparelli, Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, Gregory L Kearns, Matthew Laughon, Andre Muelenaer, T Michael O'Shea, Ian M Paul, P Brian Smith, John van den Anker, Kelly Wade, David Siegel, Perdita Taylor-Zapata, Anne Zajicek, Alice Pagan, Ravinder Anand, Traci Clemons, Gina Simone
Abstract
Background: Limited pharmacokinetic (PK) data of metronidazole in premature infants have led to various dosing recommendations. Surrogate efficacy targets for metronidazole are ill-defined and therefore aimed to exceed minimum inhibitory concentration of organisms responsible for intra-abdominal infections.
Methods: We evaluated the PK of metronidazole using plasma and dried blood spot samples from infants ≤32 weeks gestational age in an open-label, PK, multicenter (N = 3) study using population PK modeling (NONMEM). Monte Carlo simulations (N = 1000 virtual subjects) were used to evaluate the surrogate efficacy target. Metabolic ratios of parent and metabolite were calculated.
Results: Twenty-four premature infants (111 plasma and 51 dried blood spot samples) were enrolled: median (range) gestational age at birth 25 (23-31) weeks, postnatal age 27 (1-82) days, postmenstrual age 31 (24-39) weeks and weight 740 (431-1466) g. Population clearance (L/h/kg) was 0.038 × (postmenstrual age/30) and volume of distribution (L/kg) of 0.93. PK parameter estimates and precision were similar between plasma and dried blood spot samples. Metabolic ratios correlated with clearance.
Conclusion: Simulations suggested the majority of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (>80%) would meet the surrogate efficacy target using postmenstrual age-based dosing.
Source: PubMed