Establishing the Convergent Validity of the Travel Habit Questions in the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Questionnaire by Quantifying Active Travel in Norwegian Adolescents

Lena Malnes, Tommy Haugen, Bjørge Herman Hansen, Elin Kolle, Sveinung Berntsen, Lena Malnes, Tommy Haugen, Bjørge Herman Hansen, Elin Kolle, Sveinung Berntsen

Abstract

Background: Active travel (cycling or walking to school) can be a substantial part of adolescents' daily physical activity. Research on transport activities primarily relies on self-reported indices of travel mode and travel time. However, many researchers do not report the psychometric properties of their instruments. The Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) questionnaire is a commonly used instrument, but the items in this questionnaire on travel habits have not yet been validated. The present study was conducted to investigate the convergent validity and agreement between the HBSC items and a travel diary on (1) transport mode to and from school and (2) travel time to school.

Methods: The study sample consisted of 50 participants in the 9th grade (15 ± 0.3 years, 62% girls) from seven Norwegian schools. Outcome variables included transport mode and travel time derived from the HBSC items and a five-day travel diary. Convergent validity was assessed by evaluating Cohen's kappa for travel mode and the correlation coefficient (Spearman Rho) for travel time. Simple agreement calculations between the two measurement methods were also conducted.

Results: The association between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for travel mode to and from school was κ = 0.63 (P < 0.001) and κ = 0.77 (P < 0.001), respectively. The total agreement between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for was 78%. However, the agreement was higher for walking (88%) and cycling (91%) than for motorized transport (67%). For travel time, the Spearman correlation coefficient was ρ = 0.60 (P < 0.001) between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary. The total agreement on travel time was 67%; however, active commuters (86%) seemed to more accurately estimated travel time than motorized commuters (55%).

Conclusion: Although the overall agreement between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for mode of transport was 78%, the HBSC questionnaire may underestimate the prevalence of motorized transport compared to walking and cycling.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03817047.

Keywords: active commuting; agreement; cycling; logs; travel diary; travel habits; validation; walking.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2022 Malnes, Haugen, Hansen, Kolle and Berntsen.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Percentage (%) of participants to (n = 47) and from (n = 46) school divided by means of transport from travel diaries.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Percentage of reported transport modes to (n = 47) and from (n = 46) school in the questionnaire, stratified by transport mode from travel diaries.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Typical travel duration (median) to school logged in travel diaries (dot) categorized by each participants response from the HBSC questionnaire. Green shadow background indicates the categorize from HBSC in the graph. Vertical line = median in each questionnaire response.

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