Patterns of Change in Dietary Habits and Physical Activity during Lockdown in Spain Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo, Marta Gianzo Citores, Gotzone Hervás Bárbara, Fátima Ruiz-Litago, Luis Casis Sáenz, Victoria Arija, Ana M López-Sobaler, Emilio Martínez de Victoria, Rosa M Ortega, Teresa Partearroyo, Joan Quiles-Izquierdo, Lourdes Ribas-Barba, Amelia Rodríguez-Martín, Gemma Salvador Castell, Josep A Tur, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras, Lluis Serra-Majem, Javier Aranceta-Bartrina, Carmen Pérez-Rodrigo, Marta Gianzo Citores, Gotzone Hervás Bárbara, Fátima Ruiz-Litago, Luis Casis Sáenz, Victoria Arija, Ana M López-Sobaler, Emilio Martínez de Victoria, Rosa M Ortega, Teresa Partearroyo, Joan Quiles-Izquierdo, Lourdes Ribas-Barba, Amelia Rodríguez-Martín, Gemma Salvador Castell, Josep A Tur, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras, Lluis Serra-Majem, Javier Aranceta-Bartrina

Abstract

Background: Lockdown due to COVID-19 influenced food habits and lifestyles with potential negative health impact. This study aims to identify patterns of change in eating habits and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown in Spain and to identify associations with sociodemographic factors and usual habits.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1155 adults recruited online to answer a 10-section questionnaire. The protocol assessed usual diet by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, usual physical activity (PA) and supplement use, dietary changes, sedentary time, PA, exposure to sunlight, sleep quality, and smoking during confinement. Patterns of dietary change were identified by factor analysis. Factor scores were included in cluster analysis together with change in PA.

Results: Six patterns of dietary change were identified that together with PA changes during lockdown defined three clusters of lifestyle change: a cluster less active, a more active cluster, and a third cluster as active as usual. People who were usually less active were more likely to be classified in the cluster that increased physical activity in confinement. Scores of the Healthy Mediterranean-Style dietary pattern were higher in this group. Conclusions: Different patterns of change in lifestyles in confinement suggest the need to tailor support and advice to different population groups.

Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; confinement; food consumption; lifestyles; patterns; physical activity; supplements.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Consumption of vitamin–mineral supplements and dietary supplements during confinement in Spain: (A) Percentage of consumers by gender and age; (B) Most frequently consumed vitamin and mineral supplements; (C) Most frequently consumed dietary supplements. * p < 0.05.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Patterns of change in eating habits during confinement in Spain. Factor scores of patterns identified by factor analysis, principal components. Coefficients

Figure 3

Characteristics of the clusters of…

Figure 3

Characteristics of the clusters of changes in lifestyles in confinement. ( A )…

Figure 3
Characteristics of the clusters of changes in lifestyles in confinement. (A) Lifestyles: Usual moderate physical activity (PA) and moderate PA in confinement (≥2/week 30-min session), sedentary time in confinement (>8 h/day), poor sleep quality in confinement, exposure to sunlight in confinement (≤1 day/week), usual diet quality (Q1), consumption of supplements in confinement, and smoking. (B) Factor scores of patterns of dietary change. (C) Sociodemographic characteristics. PA: physical activity; d: day: wk: week; Q1: first quartile of usual diet quality score; inh: inhabitants. ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05 χ2 test.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Characteristics of the clusters of changes in lifestyles in confinement. (A) Lifestyles: Usual moderate physical activity (PA) and moderate PA in confinement (≥2/week 30-min session), sedentary time in confinement (>8 h/day), poor sleep quality in confinement, exposure to sunlight in confinement (≤1 day/week), usual diet quality (Q1), consumption of supplements in confinement, and smoking. (B) Factor scores of patterns of dietary change. (C) Sociodemographic characteristics. PA: physical activity; d: day: wk: week; Q1: first quartile of usual diet quality score; inh: inhabitants. ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05 χ2 test.

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