Dietary Interventions for Treatment of Chronic Pain: Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Ashish S Kaushik, Larissa J Strath, Robert E Sorge, Ashish S Kaushik, Larissa J Strath, Robert E Sorge

Abstract

Chronic pain is highly prevalent in the United States, impacting 28.4% of the adult population, or 69.6 million people, as of 2016. Chronic pain is often associated with anxiety, depression, and restrictions in mobility and daily activities, substantially reducing quality of life. Analgesics, especially opioids, are one of the primary pharmaceutical treatment methods for chronic pain. However, prescription opioid misuse and abuse has become increasingly prevalent and concerning, prompting the need for research into alternative treatment methods which avoid the side effects of traditional treatments. Chronic pain is, in part, thought to be the result of oxidative stress and inflammation, and clinical research has indicated links between these conditions and diet. Thus, dietary interventions are a particularly promising therapeutic treatment for chronic pain, with numerous studies suggesting that diet has a noticeable effect on pain as far down as the cellular level. In this review article, data from a number of clinical trials assessing the effect of three diets-antioxidant-rich, low-carbohydrate, and Mediterranean-on oxidative stress and inflammation is compiled and discussed in the context of chronic pain. Clinical data suggests that low-carbohydrate diets and Mediterranean diets both are especially promising dietary interventions.

Keywords: Chronic pain; Diet; Inflammation; Intervention; Low-carbohydrate; Mediterranean diet; Oxidative stress.

References

    1. Dahlhamer J, Lucas J, Zelaya C, Nahin R, Mackey S, DeBar L, et al. Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults—United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(36):1001–1006.
    1. Kaye AD, Jones MR, Kaye AM, Ripoll JG, Galan V, Beakley BD, et al. Prescription opioid abuse in chronic pain: an updated review of opioid abuse predictors and strategies to curb opioid abuse: part 1. Pain Phys. 2017;20(2s):S93–s109.
    1. Han B, Compton WM, Blanco C, Crane E, Lee J, Jones CM. Prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders in us adults: 2015 national survey on drug use and health. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(5):293–301.
    1. Allison DJ, Ditor DS. Maintenance of diet participation in individuals with spinal cord injury: effect on mood and neuropathic pain. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2018;4:97.
    1. Bliddal H, Leeds AR, Stigsgaard L, Astrup A, Christensen R. Weight loss as treatment for knee osteoarthritis symptoms in obese patients: 1-year results from a randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(10):1798–1803.
    1. Correa-Rodriguez M, Casas-Barragan A, Gonzalez-Jimenez E, Schmidt-RioValle J, Molina F, Aguilar-Ferrandiz ME. Dietary inflammatory index scores are associated with pressure pain hypersensitivity in women with fibromyalgia. Pain Med. 2020;21(3):586–594.
    1. Du C, Smith A, Avalos M, South S, Crabtree K, Wang W, et al. Blueberries improve pain, gait performance, and inflammation in individuals with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):290.
    1. Emery CF, Olson KL, Bodine A, Lee V, Habash DL. Dietary intake mediates the relationship of body fat to pain. Pain. 2017;158(2):273–277.
    1. Hagen KB, Byfuglien MG, Falzon L, Olsen SU, Smedslund G. Dietary interventions for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2009;1:CD006400.
    1. Herati AS, Shorter B, Srinivasan AK, Tai J, Seideman C, Lesser M, et al. Effects of foods and beverages on the symptoms of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology. 2013;82(6):1376–1380.
    1. Kaartinen K, Lammi K, Hypen M, Nenonen M, Hanninen O, Rauma AL. Vegan diet alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms. Scand J Rheumatol. 2000;29(5):308–313.
    1. Marum AP, Moreira C, Saraiva F, Tomas-Carus P, Sousa-Guerreiro C. A low fermentable oligo-di-mono saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet reduced pain and improved daily life in fibromyalgia patients. Scand J Pain. 2016;13:166–172.
    1. McKellar G, Morrison E, McEntegart A, Hampson R, Tierney A, Mackle G, et al. A pilot study of a Mediterranean-type diet intervention in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis living in areas of social deprivation in Glasgow. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(9):1239–1243.
    1. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, Morgan TM, Rejeski WJ, Sevick MA, et al. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the arthritis, diet, and activity promotion trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(5):1501–1510.
    1. Messier SP, Mihalko SL, Legault C, Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, DeVita P, et al. Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: the IDEA randomized clinical trial. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2013;310(12):1263–1273.
    1. Riecke BF, Christensen R, Christensen P, Leeds AR, Boesen M, Lohmander LS, et al. Comparing two low-energy diets for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis symptoms in obese patients: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(6):746–754.
    1. Rodrigo L, Blanco I, Bobes J, de Serres FJ. Clinical impact of a gluten-free diet on health-related quality of life in seven fibromyalgia syndrome patients with associated celiac disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13(1):157.
    1. Runhaar J, Beavers DP, Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Loeser RF, Bierma-Zeinstra S, et al. Inflammatory cytokines mediate the effects of diet and exercise on pain and function in knee osteoarthritis independent of BMI. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2019;27(8):1118–1123.
    1. Strath LJ, Jones CD, Philip George A, Lukens SL, Morrison SA, Soleymani T, et al. The effect of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on pain in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Pain Med. 2019;21:150–160.
    1. Veronese N, Stubbs B, Noale M, Solmi M, Luchini C, Maggi S. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with better quality of life: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(5):1403–1409.
    1. Lund Haheim L, Nafstad P, Olsen I, Schwarze P, Ronningen KS. C-reactive protein variations for different chronic somatic disorders. Scand J Publ Health. 2009;37(6):640–646.
    1. Uceyler N, Eberle T, Rolke R, Birklein F, Sommer C. Differential expression patterns of cytokines in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 2007;132(1–2):195–205.
    1. Uceyler N, Rogausch JP, Toyka KV, Sommer C. Differential expression of cytokines in painful and painless neuropathies. Neurology. 2007;69(1):42–49.
    1. Merlin JS, Westfall AO, Heath SL, Goodin BR, Stewart JC, Sorge RE, et al. Brief report: IL-1beta levels are associated with chronic multisite pain in people living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(4):e99–e103.
    1. Rannou F, Ouanes W, Boutron I, Lovisi B, Fayad F, Mace Y, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein in chronic low back pain with vertebral end-plate Modic signal changes. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(7):1311–1315.
    1. Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, Komirishetty P, Kumar A. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:674987.
    1. Schinkel C, Scherens A, Koller M, Roellecke G, Muhr G, Maier C. Systemic inflammatory mediators in post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS I)—longitudinal investigations and differences to control groups. Eur J Med Res. 2009;14(3):130–135.
    1. Sibille KT, Steingrimsdottir OA, Fillingim RB, Stubhaug A, Schirmer H, Chen H, et al. Investigating the burden of chronic pain: an inflammatory and metabolic composite. Pain Res Manag. 2016;2016:7657329.
    1. Richard C, Couture P, Desroches S, Lamarche B. Effect of the Mediterranean diet with and without weight loss on markers of inflammation in men with metabolic syndrome. Obesity. 2013;21(1):51–57.
    1. Allison DJ, Thomas A, Beaudry K, Ditor DS. Targeting inflammation as a treatment modality for neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Neuroinflamm. 2016;13(1):152.
    1. Goodin BR, Quinn NB, Kronfli T, King CD, Page GG, Haythornthwaite JA, et al. Experimental pain ratings and reactivity of cortisol and soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor II following a trial of hypnosis: results of a randomized controlled pilot study. Pain Med. 2012;13(1):29–44.
    1. Gregersen S, Samocha-Bonet D, Heilbronn LK, Campbell LV. Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals in healthy humans. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:238056.
    1. Levitan EB, Cook NR, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM, Rexrode KM, Buring JE, et al. Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, blood lipids, and C-reactive protein. Metab Clin Exp. 2008;57(3):437–443.
    1. Guo TZ, Wei T, Huang TT, Kingery WS, Clark JD. Oxidative stress contributes to fracture/cast-induced inflammation and pain in a rat model of complex regional pain syndrome. J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc. 2018;19(10):1147–1156.
    1. Hussain SP, Hofseth LJ, Harris CC. Radical causes of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(4):276–285.
    1. Zou D, Li J, Fan Q, Zheng X, Deng J, Wang S. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species induce cell apoptosis via a mitochondria-dependent pathway in hyperoxia lung injury. J Cell Biochem. 2018;120:4837–4850.
    1. Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB., 3rd Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;17(1):24–38.
    1. Fridovich I. The biology of oxygen radicals. Science. 1978;201(4359):875–880.
    1. Manso C. Oxygen radicals in biology. Acta Med Port. 1984;5(3):103–107.
    1. Goossens V, De Vos K, Vercammen D, Steemans M, Vancompernolle K, Fiers W, et al. Redox regulation of TNF signaling. BioFactors. 1999;10(2–3):145–156.
    1. Jabs T. Reactive oxygen intermediates as mediators of programmed cell death in plants and animals. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999;57(3):231–245.
    1. Thornalley PJ. The enzymatic defence against glycation in health, disease and therapeutics: a symposium to examine the concept. Biochem Soc Trans. 2003;31(Pt 6):1341–1342.
    1. Conner JR, Beisswenger PJ, Szwergold BS. Some clues as to the regulation, expression, function, and distribution of fructosamine-3-kinase and fructosamine-3-kinase-related protein. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1043:824–836.
    1. Conner JR, Beisswenger PJ, Szwergold BS. The expression of the genes for fructosamine-3-kinase and fructosamine-3-kinase-related protein appears to be constitutive and unaffected by environmental signals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;323(3):932–936.
    1. Baykal T, Seferoglu B, Karsan O, Kiziltunc A, Senel K. Antioxidant profile in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I. Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17(2):156–158.
    1. Eisenberg E, Shtahl S, Geller R, Reznick AZ, Sharf O, Ravbinovich M, et al. Serum and salivary oxidative analysis in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 2008;138(1):226–232.
    1. Meeus M, Nijs J, Hermans L, Goubert D, Calders P. The role of mitochondrial dysfunctions due to oxidative and nitrosative stress in the chronic pain or chronic fatigue syndromes and fibromyalgia patients: peripheral and central mechanisms as therapeutic targets? Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2013;17(9):1081–1089.
    1. Zhao X, Li XL, Liu X, Wang C, Zhou DS, Ma Q, et al. Antinociceptive effects of fisetin against diabetic neuropathic pain in mice: engagement of antioxidant mechanisms and spinal GABAA receptors. Pharmacol Res Off J Ital Pharmacol Soc. 2015;102:286–297.
    1. DeLeo JA, Yezierski RP. The role of neuroinflammation and neuroimmune activation in persistent pain. Pain. 2001;90(1–2):1–6.
    1. Watkins LR, Maier SF, Goehler LE. Immune activation: the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammation, illness responses and pathological pain states. Pain. 1995;63(3):289–302.
    1. Feairheller DL, Park JY, Sturgeon KM, Williamson ST, Diaz KM, Veerabhadrappa P, et al. Racial differences in oxidative stress and inflammation: in vitro and in vivo. Clin Transl Sci. 2011;4(1):32–37.
    1. Reuter S, Gupta SC, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;49(11):1603–1616.
    1. Newsholme P, Cruzat VF, Keane KN, Carlessi R, de Bittencourt PI., Jr. Molecular mechanisms of ROS production and oxidative stress in diabetes. Biochem J. 2016;473(24):4527–4550.
    1. Totsch SK, Quinn TL, Strath LJ, McMeekin LJ, Cowell RM, Gower BA, et al. The impact of the standard American diet in rats: effects on behavior, physiology and recovery from inflammatory injury. Scand J Pain. 2017;17:316–324.
    1. Totsch SK, Meir RY, Quinn TL, Lopez SA, Gower BA, Sorge RE. Effects of a standard American diet and an anti-inflammatory diet in male and female mice. Eur J Pain. 2018;22:1203–1213.
    1. Chan R, Li S, Choi S, Wang E, Leung J, Benzie I, Sea M, Woo J. Effect of four different meal types on postprandial oxidative stress: a randomized crossover study with healthy subjects. Int J Food Nutr Sci. 2016;3(2):320–330.
    1. Ursini F, Zamburlini A, Cazzolato G, Maiorino M, Bon GB, Sevanian A. Postprandial plasma lipid hydroperoxides: a possible link between diet and atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;25(2):250–252.
    1. O'Keefe JH, Bell DS. Postprandial hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia (postprandial dysmetabolism) is a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(5):899–904.
    1. Devaraj S, Wang-Polagruto J, Polagruto J, Keen CL, Jialal I. High-fat, energy-dense, fast-food-style breakfast results in an increase in oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome. Metab Clin Exp. 2008;57(6):867–870.
    1. Tushuizen ME, Nieuwland R, Scheffer PG, Sturk A, Heine RJ, Diamant M. Two consecutive high-fat meals affect endothelial-dependent vasodilation, oxidative stress and cellular microparticles in healthy men. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(5):1003–1010.
    1. Jiang ZY, Woollard AC, Wolff SP. Hydrogen peroxide production during experimental protein glycation. FEBS Lett. 1990;268(1):69–71.
    1. Wolff SP, Dean RT. Glucose autoxidation and protein modification. The potential role of 'autoxidative glycosylation' in diabetes. Biochem J. 1987;245(1):243–250.
    1. Harding JJ, Beswick HT. The possible contribution of glucose autoxidation to protein modification of diabetes. Biochem J. 1988;249(2):617–618.
    1. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. Methods Enzymol. 1990;186:1–85.
    1. Hogg N, Kalyanaraman B, Joseph J, Struck A, Parthasarathy S. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by nitric oxide. Potential role in atherogenesis. FEBS Lett. 1993;334(2):170–174.
    1. Rubbo H, Parthasarathy S, Barnes S, Kirk M, Kalyanaraman B, Freeman BA. Nitric oxide inhibition of lipoxygenase-dependent liposome and low-density lipoprotein oxidation: termination of radical chain propagation reactions and formation of nitrogen-containing oxidized lipid derivatives. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995;324(1):15–25.
    1. Tsai EC, Hirsch IB, Brunzell JD, Chait A. Reduced plasma peroxyl radical trapping capacity and increased susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in poorly controlled IDDM. Diabetes. 1994;43(8):1010–1014.
    1. Kawamura M, Heinecke JW, Chait A. Pathophysiological concentrations of glucose promote oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein by a superoxide-dependent pathway. J Clin Investig. 1994;94(2):771–778.
    1. Gkogkolou P, Bohm M. Advanced glycation end products: key players in skin aging? Dermatoendocrinol. 2012;4(3):259–270.
    1. Goldin A, Beckman JA, Schmidt AM, Creager MA. Advanced glycation end products: sparking the development of diabetic vascular injury. Circulation. 2006;114(6):597–605.
    1. Hori O, Yan SD, Ogawa S, Kuwabara K, Matsumoto M, Stern D, et al. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products has a central role in mediating the effects of advanced glycation end-products on the development of vascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 1996;11(Suppl 5):13–16.
    1. Mullarkey CJ, Edelstein D, Brownlee M. Free radical generation by early glycation products: a mechanism for accelerated atherogenesis in diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;173(3):932–939.
    1. Bayir H, Kagan VE. Bench-to-bedside review: Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress and apoptosis–there is nothing more practical than a good theory. Crit Care. 2008;12(1):206.
    1. Mittal M, Siddiqui MR, Tran K, Reddy SP, Malik AB. Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2017;20(7):1126–1167.
    1. Carlsen MH, Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Bøhn SK, Dragland S, Sampson L, et al. The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutr J. 2010;9:3.
    1. Frei B, England L, Ames BN. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86(16):6377–6381.
    1. Institute of Medicine Panel on Dietary A, Related C . Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, Vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington: National Academies Press; 2000.
    1. Halliwell B. The antioxidant vitamins C and E: Packer L, Traber MG, Kramer K and Frei B. (Eds.) AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, 2002. Free Radic Res. 2003;37(10):1146
    1. Frei B. Efficacy of dietary antioxidants to prevent oxidative damage and inhibit chronic disease. J Nutr. 2004;134(11):3196S–S3198.
    1. Annuzzi G, Bozzetto L, Costabile G, Giacco R, Mangione A, Anniballi G, et al. Diets naturally rich in polyphenols improve fasting and postprandial dyslipidemia and reduce oxidative stress: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;99(3):463–471.
    1. Dewell A, Tsao P, Rigdon J, Gardner CD. Antioxidants from diet or supplements do not alter inflammatory markers in adults with cardiovascular disease risk. A pilot randomized controlled trial. Nutr Res New York NY. 2018;50:63–72.
    1. Kitabchi AE, McDaniel KA, Wan JY, Tylavsky FA, Jacovino CA, Sands CW, et al. Effects of high-protein versus high-carbohydrate diets on markers of beta-cell function, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, proinflammatory cytokines, and adipokines in obese, premenopausal women without diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(7):1919–1925.
    1. Sanchez-Sanchez ML, Garcia-Vigara A, Hidalgo-Mora JJ, Garcia-Perez MA, Tarin J, Cano A. Mediterranean diet and health: a systematic review of epidemiological studies and intervention trials. Maturitas. 2020;136:25–37.
    1. Wermers J. Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: summary of a Cochrane review. Explore (NY) 2020;16(3):201–202.
    1. Davis C, Bryan J, Hodgson J, Murphy K. Definition of the Mediterranean diet; a literature review. Nutrients. 2015;7(11):9139–9153.
    1. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition ed2015
    1. Casas R, Sacanella E, Urpi-Sarda M, Chiva-Blanch G, Ros E, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, et al. The effects of the Mediterranean diet on biomarkers of vascular wall inflammation and plaque vulnerability in subjects with high risk for cardiovascular disease. A randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):e100084.
    1. Camargo A, Delgado-Lista J, Garcia-Rios A, Cruz-Teno C, Yubero-Serrano EM, Perez-Martinez P, et al. Expression of proinflammatory, proatherogenic genes is reduced by the Mediterranean diet in elderly people. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(3):500–508.
    1. Konstantinidou V, Covas MI, Munoz-Aguayo D, Khymenets O, de la Torre R, Saez G, et al. In vivo nutrigenomic effects of virgin olive oil polyphenols within the frame of the Mediterranean diet: a randomized controlled trial. FASEB J Off Pub Fed Am Soc Exp Biol. 2010;24(7):2546–2557.
    1. Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, Campbell LC, Decker S, Fillingim RB, et al. The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain. Pain Med. 2003;4(3):277–294.
    1. Williams DR, Mohammed SA, Leavell J, Collins C. Race, socioeconomic status, and health: complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186:69–101.
    1. Darmon N, Drewnowski A. Does social class predict diet quality? Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(5):1107–1117.
    1. Lopez CN, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Sanchez-Villegas A, Alonso A, Pimenta AM, Bes-Rastrollo M. Costs of Mediterranean and western dietary patterns in a Spanish cohort and their relationship with prospective weight change. J Epidemiol Comm Health. 2009;63(11):920–927.
    1. Tong TYN, Imamura F, Monsivais P, Brage S, Griffin SJ, Wareham NJ, et al. Dietary cost associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and its variation by socio-economic factors in the UK Fenland Study. Br J Nutr. 2018;119(6):685–694.
    1. Saulle R, Semyonov L, La Torre G. Cost and cost-effectiveness of the Mediterranean diet: results of a systematic review. Nutrients. 2013;5(11):4566–4586.
    1. Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, van Wijngaarden JP, Zwaluw NL, Velde N, de Groot LC. Dietary sources of vitamin B-12 and their association with vitamin B-12 status markers in healthy older adults in the B-PROOF study. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):7781–7797.
    1. Guo J, Lovegrove JA, Givens DI. A narrative review of the role of foods as dietary sources of vitamin d of ethnic minority populations with darker skin: the underestimated challenge. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):81.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores y Colaboradores

Condiciones médicas

Intervenciones de drogas

3
Suscribir