Immune-Inflammatory and Metabolic Effects of High Dose Furosemide plus Hypertonic Saline Solution (HSS) Treatment in Cirrhotic Subjects with Refractory Ascites

Antonino Tuttolomondo, Domenico Di Raimondo, Chiara Bellia, Giuseppe Clemente, Rosaria Pecoraro, Carlo Maida, Irene Simonetta, Valerio Vassallo, Danilo Di Bona, Eliana Gulotta, Marcello Ciaccio, Antonio Pinto, Antonino Tuttolomondo, Domenico Di Raimondo, Chiara Bellia, Giuseppe Clemente, Rosaria Pecoraro, Carlo Maida, Irene Simonetta, Valerio Vassallo, Danilo Di Bona, Eliana Gulotta, Marcello Ciaccio, Antonio Pinto

Abstract

Introduction: Patients with chronic liver diseases are usually thin as a result of hypermetabolism and malnutrition expressed by reduced levels of leptin and impairment of other adyponectins such as visfatin.

Aims: We evaluated the metabolic and inflammatory effects of intravenous high-dose furosemide plus hypertonic saline solutions (HSS) compared with repeated paracentesis and a standard oral diuretic schedule, in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites.

Methods: 59 consecutive cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites unresponsive to outpatient treatment. Enrolled subjects were randomized to treatment with intravenous infusion of furosemide (125-250mg⁄bid) plus small volumes of HSS from the first day after admission until 3 days before discharge (Group A, n:38), or repeated paracentesis from the first day after admission until 3 days before discharge (Group B, n: 21). Plasma levels of ANP, BNP, Leptin, visfatin, IL-1β, TNF-a, IL-6 were measured before and after the two type of treatment.

Results: Subjects in group A were observed to have a significant reduction of serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ANP, BNP, and visfatin, thus regarding primary efficacy endpoints, in Group A vs. Group B we observed higher Δ-TNF-α, Δ-IL-1β, Δ-IL-6, Δ-ANP, Δ-BNP, Δ-visfatin, Δ-Leptin at discharge.

Discussion: Our findings underline the possible inflammatory and metabolic effect of saline overload correction in treatment of cirrhosis complications such as refractory ascites, suggesting a possible role of inflammatory and metabolic-nutritional variables as severity markers in these patients.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Immune-inflammatory and metabolic effects of…
Fig 1. Immune-inflammatory and metabolic effects of high dose furosemide plus hypertonic saline solution (HSS) treatment in cirrhotic subjects with refractory ascites.

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