High-intensity training enhances executive function in children in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

David Moreau, Ian J Kirk, Karen E Waldie, David Moreau, Ian J Kirk, Karen E Waldie

Abstract

Background: Exercise-induced cognitive improvements have traditionally been observed following aerobic exercise interventions; that is, sustained sessions of moderate intensity. Here, we tested the effect of a 6 week high-intensity training (HIT) regimen on measures of cognitive control and working memory in a multicenter, randomized (1:1 allocation), placebo-controlled trial.

Methods: 318 children aged 7-13 years were randomly assigned to a HIT or an active control group matched for enjoyment and motivation. In the primary analysis, we compared improvements on six cognitive tasks representing two cognitive constructs (N = 305). Secondary outcomes included genetic data and physiological measurements.

Results: The 6-week HIT regimen resulted in improvements on measures of cognitive control [BFM = 3.38, g = 0.31 (0.09, 0.54)] and working memory [BFM = 5233.68, g = 0.54 (0.31, 0.77)], moderated by BDNF genotype, with met66 carriers showing larger gains post-exercise than val66 homozygotes.

Conclusions: This study suggests a promising alternative to enhance cognition, via short and potent exercise regimens.

Funding: Funded by Centre for Brain Research.

Clinical trial number: NCT03255499.

Keywords: BDNF; cognitive enhancement; cognitive training; high-intensity training; human; human biology; medicine; neurogenetics; neuroscience; physical exercise.

Conflict of interest statement

No competing interests declared.

Figures

Figure 1.. Physiological and effort-dependent measures.
Figure 1.. Physiological and effort-dependent measures.
(A) Violin and box plots showing change in resting heart rate (in BPM) between pretest and posttest sessions, for HIT and control groups. The dashed line shows the point of perfect equivalence between pretest and posttest measurements; values below the line indicate heart rate decreases. (B) Targeted range accuracy, defined as the ratio of maximum measured heart rate per participant (in BPM) to targeted heart rate (expected), averaged across sessions. Dark dots show accuracy based on pretest resting heart rate, whereas light dots show accuracy based on posttest resting heart rate. The blue dashed line represents the point of perfect agreement between individual targeted heart rate and maximum measured heart rate. Values above the line represent higher measured heart rate than expected from baseline. (C) Time series of the maximum heart rate (in BPM) measured for a single workout, averaged over participants, plotted across sessions. Smoothing is modeled via a non-parametric locally weighted regression using a nearest neighbor approach (i.e. local polynomial regression fitting). (D) Time series of the total number of steps for a single workout, averaged over participants, shown across sessions. Smoothing is modeled via a non-parametric locally weighted regression using a nearest neighbor approach (i.e. local polynomial regression fitting).
Figure 2.. Cognitive improvements.
Figure 2.. Cognitive improvements.
Violin and box plots showing gains in Cognitive Control (A) and Working Memory (B) between pretest and posttest sessions, for HIT and control groups.
Figure 3.. Effect of BDNF allele on…
Figure 3.. Effect of BDNF allele on cognitive improvements.
μ and σ2 parameter estimates from the posterior distribution for the difference between BDNF met carriers and non-carriers (met66 – val66 homozygotes) in cognitive gains. Estimates were generated from 10,000 iterations, in one chain, with thinning interval of one (no data point discarded). (A) Trace of μ for Cognitive Control. (B) σ2 estimate for Cognitive Control. (C) Trace of μ for Working Memory. (D) σ2 estimate for Working Memory.
Figure 4.. Prior and posterior distributions for…
Figure 4.. Prior and posterior distributions for the comparison between Conditions (HIT vs. Control) for Cognitive Control.
The graph shows the density of each distribution as a function of effect size, with the prior centered on the null effect.
Figure 5.. Bayes factor robustness check for…
Figure 5.. Bayes factor robustness check for the comparison between Conditions (HIT vs. Control) for Cognitive Control.
The figure shows our default prior, as well as wide and ultrawide priors. Importantly, the curve shows stronger evidence for our hypothesis with narrower priors, indicating that our conclusions are not based on a restricted range of priors.
Figure 6.. Sequential analysis.
Figure 6.. Sequential analysis.
The graph shows the strength of evidence (as expressed by BF10) as N increases.

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Source: PubMed

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