Effect of Financial Incentives to Physicians, Patients, or Both on Lipid Levels: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

Importance: Financial incentives to physicians or patients are increasingly used, but their effectiveness is not well established.

Objective: To determine whether physician financial incentives, patient incentives, or shared physician and patient incentives are more effective than control in reducing levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) among patients with high cardiovascular risk.

Design, setting, and participants: Four-group, multicenter, cluster randomized clinical trial with a 12-month intervention conducted from 2011 to 2014 in 3 primary care practices in the northeastern United States. Three hundred forty eligible primary care physicians (PCPs) were enrolled from a pool of 421. Of 25,627 potentially eligible patients of those PCPs, 1503 enrolled. Patients aged 18 to 80 years were eligible if they had a 10-year Framingham Risk Score (FRS) of 20% or greater, had coronary artery disease equivalents with LDL-C levels of 120 mg/dL or greater, or had an FRS of 10% to 20% with LDL-C levels of 140 mg/dL or greater. Investigators were blinded to study group, but participants were not.

Interventions: Primary care physicians were randomly assigned to control, physician incentives, patient incentives, or shared physician-patient incentives. Physicians in the physician incentives group were eligible to receive up to $1024 per enrolled patient meeting LDL-C goals. Patients in the patient incentives group were eligible for the same amount, distributed through daily lotteries tied to medication adherence. Physicians and patients in the shared incentives group shared these incentives. Physicians and patients in the control group received no incentives tied to outcomes, but all patient participants received up to $355 each for trial participation.

Main outcomes and measures: Change in LDL-C level at 12 months.

Results: Patients in the shared physician-patient incentives group achieved a mean reduction in LDL-C of 33.6 mg/dL (95% CI, 30.1-37.1; baseline, 160.1 mg/dL; 12 months, 126.4 mg/dL); those in physician incentives achieved a mean reduction of 27.9 mg/dL (95% CI, 24.9-31.0; baseline, 159.9 mg/dL; 12 months, 132.0 mg/dL); those in patient incentives achieved a mean reduction of 25.1 mg/dL (95% CI, 21.6-28.5; baseline, 160.6 mg/dL; 12 months, 135.5 mg/dL); and those in the control group achieved a mean reduction of 25.1 mg/dL (95% CI, 21.7-28.5; baseline, 161.5 mg/dL; 12 months, 136.4 mg/dL; P < .001 for comparison of all 4 groups). Only patients in the shared physician-patient incentives group achieved reductions in LDL-C levels statistically different from those in the control group (8.5 mg/dL; 95% CI, 3.8-13.3; P = .002).

Conclusions and relevance: In primary care practices, shared financial incentives for physicians and patients, but not incentives to physicians or patients alone, resulted in a statistically significant difference in reduction of LDL-C levels at 12 months. This reduction was modest, however, and further information is needed to understand whether this approach represents good value.

Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01346189.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Drs Asch and Volpp reported being principals and owners of VAL Health. Dr Troxel reported serving on the scientific advisory board of VAL Health. Dr Jones reported having received grants from Geisinger Health System, Merck, AstraZeneca, Genentech, and the National Association of Chain Drug Stores, and other support from the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. Dr Volpp reported having served as a consultant for CVS Caremark and having received grants from CVS Caremark, Humana, Merck, Weight Watchers, Discovery (South Africa). No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

Figure 1. Flow Diagram of Physician and Patient Progress Through the Trial

PCPs indicates primary care physicians.

Figure 2. Mean LDL-C Levels by Quarter in Intervention and Control Groups

To convert low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259. Error bars indicate 95% CIs.

Figure 3. Mean Weekly Medication Adherence by Intervention Group

Adherence was calculated by dividing the number of pill bottle openings per week by 7. Standard deviation for the shared patient-physician incentives group was 1.8%; patient incentives, 2.4%; physician incentives, 5.5%; and control, 4.4%.