Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate or Protein Ingestion Influences Substrate Oxidation but Not Performance or Hunger Compared with Cycling in the Fasted State

Jeffrey A Rothschild, Andrew E Kilding, Sophie C Broome, Tom Stewart, John B Cronin, Daniel J Plews, Jeffrey A Rothschild, Andrew E Kilding, Sophie C Broome, Tom Stewart, John B Cronin, Daniel J Plews

Abstract

Nutritional intake can influence exercise metabolism and performance, but there is a lack of research comparing protein-rich pre-exercise meals with endurance exercise performed both in the fasted state and following a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of three pre-exercise nutrition strategies on metabolism and exercise capacity during cycling. On three occasions, seventeen trained male cyclists (VO2peak 62.2 ± 5.8 mL·kg-1·min-1, 31.2 ± 12.4 years, 74.8 ± 9.6 kg) performed twenty minutes of submaximal cycling (4 × 5 min stages at 60%, 80%, and 100% of ventilatory threshold (VT), and 20% of the difference between power at the VT and peak power), followed by 3 × 3 min intervals at 80% peak aerobic power and 3 × 3 min intervals at maximal effort, 30 min after consuming a carbohydrate-rich meal (CARB; 1 g/kg CHO), a protein-rich meal (PROTEIN; 0.45 g/kg protein + 0.24 g/kg fat), or water (FASTED), in a randomized and counter-balanced order. Fat oxidation was lower for CARB compared with FASTED at and below the VT, and compared with PROTEIN at 60% VT. There were no differences between trials for average power during high-intensity intervals (367 ± 51 W, p = 0.516). Oxidative stress (F2-Isoprostanes), perceived exertion, and hunger were not different between trials. Overall, exercising in the overnight-fasted state increased fat oxidation during submaximal exercise compared with exercise following a CHO-rich breakfast, and pre-exercise protein ingestion allowed similarly high levels of fat oxidation. There were no differences in perceived exertion, hunger, or performance, and we provide novel data showing no influence of pre-exercise nutrition ingestion on exercise-induced oxidative stress.

Keywords: exercise; fat oxidation; isoprostanes; nutrition; oxidative stress.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic overview of cycle testing sessions using wattage from an example participant. The 5-min intervals were performed at intensities equivalent to 60%, 80%, and 100% of their ventilatory threshold (VT 60, VT80, VT100, respectively), and 20% of the difference between the ventilatory threshold and peak power (Wmax, VTΔ20), followed by a 3-min cool down at 100 W. The 3-min intervals included a lead-in of 1 min at 100 W and 1 min at 150 W, followed by intervals 1–3 at 80% of Wmax, and intervals 4–6 performed as maximal efforts.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Influence of pre-exercise nutrition interventions on heart rate (HR, (A)), cycling gross efficiency (B), rating of perceived exertion (RPE, (C)), respiratory exchange ratio (RER, (D)), fat oxidation (E), and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation (F) during submaximal cycling. Significant differences CARB vs. FASTED († p < 0.05, †† p < 0.01, ††† p < 0.001), significant differences CARB vs. PROTEIN (# p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01), significant differences FASTED vs. PROTEIN (** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals of the model-estimated mean.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Individual data points showing correlations between each individual’s relative exercise intensity as a percentage of VO2peak and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during submaximal exercise, separated by treatment. Significant effects are found for treatment (p < 0.001) and intensity (p < 0.001). Trend line is based on model-estimated values.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Influence of pre-exercise nutrition interventions on mean power during three all-out 3-min efforts (A), rating of perceived exertion (RPE, B), lactate (C), and heart rate (HR, D) during high-intensity interval training. In (A) individual data points are shown with solid lines representing means and numeric values reflecting mean ± SD. In (B–D), error bars represent 95% confidence intervals of the model-estimated mean. ** Significant differences for FASTED vs. PROTEIN (p < 0.01).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Urinary F2-Isprostane percent change (pre to post-exercise, (A)), and subjective levels of hunger (B) and gut discomfort (C) before and after exercise using a visual analog scale (VAS). All measurements at ‘pre’ were taken upon arrival to the lab in the overnight-fasted state, before being provided any nutrition treatment. In (A) individual data points are shown with solid lines representing means and the numeric values reflecting mean ± SD. In (B,C) error bars represent 95% confidence intervals of the model-estimated mean. π significant effect of time (p < 0.001), significant effects of treatment (# PROTEIN vs. CARB, p = 0.012, * PROTEIN vs. FASTED, p = 0.032) at the post time point. For (A), n = 12 for Carbohydrate, n = 12 for Fasted, and n = 11 for Protein.

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