KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Care of Living Kidney Donors

Krista L Lentine, Bertram L Kasiske, Andrew S Levey, Patricia L Adams, Josefina Alberú, Mohamed A Bakr, Lorenzo Gallon, Catherine A Garvey, Sandeep Guleria, Philip Kam-Tao Li, Dorry L Segev, Sandra J Taler, Kazunari Tanabe, Linda Wright, Martin G Zeier, Michael Cheung, Amit X Garg, Krista L Lentine, Bertram L Kasiske, Andrew S Levey, Patricia L Adams, Josefina Alberú, Mohamed A Bakr, Lorenzo Gallon, Catherine A Garvey, Sandeep Guleria, Philip Kam-Tao Li, Dorry L Segev, Sandra J Taler, Kazunari Tanabe, Linda Wright, Martin G Zeier, Michael Cheung, Amit X Garg

Abstract

The 2017 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Care of Living Kidney Donors is intended to assist medical professionals who evaluate living kidney donor candidates and provide care before, during and after donation. The guideline development process followed the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach and guideline recommendations are based on systematic reviews of relevant studies that included critical appraisal of the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations. However, many recommendations, for which there was no evidence or no systematic search for evidence was undertaken by the Evidence Review Team, were issued as ungraded expert opinion recommendations. The guideline work group concluded that a comprehensive approach to risk assessment should replace decisions based on assessments of single risk factors in isolation. Original data analyses were undertaken to produce a "proof-in-concept" risk-prediction model for kidney failure to support a framework for quantitative risk assessment in the donor candidate evaluation and defensible shared decision making. This framework is grounded in the simultaneous consideration of each candidate's profile of demographic and health characteristics. The processes and framework for the donor candidate evaluation are presented, along with recommendations for optimal care before, during, and after donation. Limitations of the evidence are discussed, especially regarding the lack of definitive prospective studies and clinical outcome trials. Suggestions for future research, including the need for continued refinement of long-term risk prediction and novel approaches to estimating donation-attributable risks, are also provided.In citing this document, the following format should be used: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Living Kidney Donor Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Care of Living Kidney Donors. Transplantation. 2017;101(Suppl 8S):S1-S109.

Conflict of interest statement

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) makes every effort to avoid any actual or reasonably perceived conflicts of interest that may arise from an outside relationship or a personal, professional, or business interest of a member of the work group. All members of the work group are required to complete, sign, and submit a disclosure and attestation form showing all such relationships that might be perceived as or are actual conflicts of interest. This document is updated annually and information is adjusted accordingly. All reported information is published in its entirety at the end of the document and is kept on file at KDIGO.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Perspectives of risk in living kidney donation. These perspectives provide a framework for assessment of donor outcomes, interpretation of observations, patient communication, and future research design. LKD, living kidney donors. Adapted with permission from Lentine KL, Segev DL. Understanding and communicating medical risks for living kidney donors: a matter of perspective. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:12-24.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Literature flow diagram. SR, systematic review.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Framework to accept or decline donor candidates based on a transplant program’s threshold of acceptable postdonation risk. The decision by the transplant program to accept or decline a donor candidate is grounded on whether an individual’s estimated postdonation risk is above or below the threshold set (dotted line) by the transplant program. The threshold may vary across transplant programs, but the same threshold should apply to all donor candidates at each program. For example, candidate A (green) would be acceptable because the estimated projected postdonation risk is far below the threshold. Candidate B (yellow) could be accepted with caution because the estimated projected postdonation risk is close but below the threshold, and candidate C (red) would be unacceptable because the estimated postdonation projected risk is far above the threshold.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Framework to accept or decline donor candidates based on a transplant program’s threshold of acceptable projected lifetime risk of kidney failure, quantified as the aggregate of risk related to demographic and health profile and donation-attributable risks. The decision by the transplant program whether to accept or decline a donor candidate is grounded on the candidate's estimated postdonation lifetime risk, including estimated risk in the absence of donation (risk related to demographic and health characteristics as denoted in blue and beige, respectively) and estimated risk attributable to donation (brown). BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Performance of the CKD-EPI equation in estimating measured GFR. The figure shows the difference between measured and estimated GFR (bias) versus estimated GFR in an external validation dataset (N = 3896). A smoothed regression line is shown with the 95% CI. CI, confidence interval; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; GFR, glomerular filtration rate. Copyright © 2009 American College of Physicians and reprinted with permission from Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604-612.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Complications of CKD according to baseline eGFR and albuminuria. The data above were derived using creatinine-based eGFR (eGFRcr) estimated with the MDRD Study equation. Comparable data are not available for mGFR. However, studies using more accurate GFR estimates confirm these results. For the outcomes of ESKD, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, any given reduced level of eGFR is associated with a greater increase in the risk of these outcomes if the 2009 CKD-EPI equation is used to estimate eGFRcr. The increase in risk is even greater if cystatin C is used to estimate GFR, either with or without creatinine (eGFRcr-cys or eGFRcys), compared with eGFRcr The 3 lines represent severe, moderate, and normal/mild albuminuria (top to bottom, respectively). CKD, chronic kidney disease; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate. MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease. Reprinted with permission from Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, et al. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int. 2011;80:17-28.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Estimated 15-year incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to baseline eGFR and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Estimated lifetime incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to baseline eGFR and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. Lifetime risk projections are based on 15 years of follow-up data and calibrated to the incidence of ESKD in the low-risk population, and thus are likely imprecise. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Estimated 15-year incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to baseline albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR, mg/g) and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. BMI, body mass index; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 10
Estimated lifetime incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to baseline albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR, mg/g) and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. Lifetime risk projections are based on 15 years of follow-up data and calibrated to the incidence of ESKD in the low-risk population, and thus are likely imprecise. BMI, body mass index; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 11
Proteinuria after kidney donation. Solid line, regression line; dotted line: 95% confidence interval. Reprinted with permission of the Massachusetts Medical Society from Ibrahim HN, Foley R, Tan L, et al. Long-term consequences of kidney donation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:459-469.
FIGURE 12
FIGURE 12
Meta-analysis of proteinuria after kidney donation. Controlled studies of proteinuria after kidney donation. The size of each square is inversely proportional to the variability of the study estimate. *Studies are arranged by the average number of years after donation. ‡Microalbuminuria was assessed by 24-hour urine. †Mathematically pooled results are not presented graphically because of statistical heterogeneity between studies. CI, confidence interval. Reprinted with permission from Garg AX, Muirhead N, Knoll G, et al. Proteinuria and reduced kidney function in living kidney donors: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Kidney Int. 2006;70:1801-1810.
FIGURE 13
FIGURE 13
Sequential evaluation of microscopic hematuria in living kidney donor candidates. In general, lower risk and less expensive tests should be performed first, and at each step additional testing should only be performed if necessary. Boxes indicate stopping points in the donor candidate hematuria evaluation. AER, albumin excretion rate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; hpf, high-power field; RBC, red blood cell.
FIGURE 14
FIGURE 14
Estimated 15-year incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. SBP mm Hg without (black) and with (red) antihypertension medication. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 15
FIGURE 15
Estimated lifetime incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. SBP mm Hg without (black) and with (red) antihypertension medication. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. Lifetime risk projections are based on 15 years of follow-up data and calibrated to the incidence of ESKD in the low-risk population, and thus are likely imprecise. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 16
FIGURE 16
Estimated 15-year incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to baseline body mass index (BMI) and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 17
FIGURE 17
Estimated lifetime incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to baseline body mass index (BMI) and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. Lifetime risk projections are based on 15 years of follow-up data and calibrated to the incidence of ESKD in the low-risk population, and thus are likely imprecise. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 18
FIGURE 18
Estimated 15-year incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus status and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 19
FIGURE 19
Estimated lifetime incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus status and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. Lifetime risk projections are based on 15 years of follow-up data and calibrated to the incidence of ESKD in the low-risk population, and thus are likely imprecise. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 20
FIGURE 20
Estimated 15-year incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to baseline smoking status and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI, 26 kg/m2; and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. Smoking status, current (Cur), former (For), and Never (Nev). ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.
FIGURE 21
FIGURE 21
Estimated lifetime incidence (%) of ESKD in the United States according to baseline smoking status and demographic profile from the CKD-PC. *The base-case scenario is defined as: age-specific eGFR (114, 106, 98, 90, 82, 74, and 66 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for ages 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years, respectively), SBP 120 mm Hg, urine ACR 4 mg/g [0.4 mg/mmol], BMI 26 kg/m2, and no diabetes mellitus or antihypertensive medication use. These were selected as being representative of recent US living kidney donors where, with the exception of eGFR, there was little variation in health characteristics by age. Lifetime risk projections are based on 15 years of follow-up data and calibrated to the incidence of ESKD in the low-risk population, and thus are likely imprecise. Smoking status, current (Cur), former (For), and Never (Nev). ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD-PC, Chronic Kidney Disease-Prognosis Consortium, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Reprinted from Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411-421.

References

    1. Uhlig K, Macleod A, Craig J, et al. Grading evidence and recommendations for clinical practice guidelines in nephrology. A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2006;70:2058–2065.
    1. Ethics Committee of the Transplantation Society. The consensus statement of the Amsterdam Forum on the Care of the Live Kidney Donor. Transplantation 2004;78:491–492.
    1. Slinin Y, Brasure M, Eidman K, et al. Long-term outcomes of living kidney donation. Transplantation. 2016;100:1371–1386.
    1. Lentine KL, Segev DL. Understanding and communicating medical risks for living kidney donors: a matter of perspective. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:12–24.
    1. White CM, Ip S, McPheeters M, et al. Using existing systematic reviews to replace de novo processes in conducting comparative effectiveness reviews. In: Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2008-.AHRQ Methods for Effective Health Care; 2009.
    1. Viswanathan M, Berkman ND, Dryden DM, et al. Assessing risk of bias and confounding in observational studies of interventions or exposures: further development of the RTI item bank. AHRQ Methods for Effective Health Care: Rockville (MD); 2013.
    1. Grams ME, Sang Y, Levey AS, et al. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:411–421.
    1. Huang N, Foster MC, Lentine KL, et al. Estimated GFR for living kidney donor evaluation. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:171–180.
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:1049–1051.
    1. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004;328:1490.
    1. Guyatt GH, Schunemann HJ, Djulbegovic B, et al. Guideline panels should not GRADE good practice statements. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68:597–600.
    1. AGREE Collaboration. Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project. Qual Saf Health Care 2003;12:18–23.
    1. Shiffman RN, Shekelle P, Overhage JM, et al. Standardized reporting of clinical practice guidelines: a proposal from the Conference on Guideline Standardization. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:493–498.
    1. Institute of Medicine. Finding what works in health care: Standards for systematic reviews. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2011.
    1. Institute of Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines we can trust. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2011.
    1. Thiessen C, Gordon EJ, Reese PP, et al. Development of a donor-centered approach to risk assessment: rebalancing nonmaleficence and autonomy. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:2314–2323.
    1. Sixty-Third World Health Assembly. WHA63.22. Agenda item 11.21, 21 May 2010 Human organ and tissue transplantation. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Abecassis M, Adams M, Adams P, et al. Consensus statement on the live organ donor. JAMA. 2000;284:2919–2926.
    1. Tong A, Chapman JR, Wong G, et al. Living kidney donor assessment: challenges, uncertainties and controversies among transplant nephrologists and surgeons. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:2912–2923.
    1. Tong A, Chapman JR, Wong G, et al. Screening and follow-up of living kidney donors: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines. Transplantation. 2011;92:962–972.
    1. Cozzi E, Biancone L, López-Fraga M, et al. long-term outcome of living kidney donation: position paper of the European Committee on Organ Transplantation, Council of Europe. Transplantation. 2016;100:270–271.
    1. Reese PP, Caplan AL, Kesselheim AS, et al. Creating a medical, ethical, and legal framework for complex living kidney donors. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:1148–1153.
    1. Segev DL, Muzaale AD, Caffo BS, et al. Perioperative mortality and long-term survival following live kidney donation. JAMA. 2010;303:959–966.
    1. Matas AJ, Bartlett ST, Leichtman AB, et al. Morbidity and mortality after living kidney donation, 1999-2001: survey of United States transplant centers. Am J Transplant. 2003;3:830–834.
    1. Hadjianastassiou VG, Johnson RJ, Rudge CJ, et al. 2509 living donor nephrectomies, morbidity and mortality, including the UK introduction of laparoscopic donor surgery. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:2532–2537.
    1. Young A, Storsley L, Garg AX, et al. Health outcomes for living kidney donors with isolated medical abnormalities: a systematic review. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:1878–1890.
    1. Lafranca JA, Hagen SM, Dols LF, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relation between body mass index and short-term donor outcome of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Kidney Int. 2013;83:931–939.
    1. Schold JD, Goldfarb DA, Buccini LD, et al. Comorbidity burden and perioperative complications for living kidney donors in the United States. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1773–1782.
    1. Lentine KL, Lam NN, Axelrod D, et al. Perioperative complications after living kidney donation: a national study. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:1848–1857.
    1. Muzaale AD, Massie AB, Wang MC, et al. Risk of end-stage renal disease following live kidney donation. JAMA. 2014;311:579–586.
    1. Anjum S, Muzaale AD, Massie AB, et al. Patterns of end-stage renal disease caused by diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis in live kidney donors. Am J Transplant. 2016;16: 3540–3547.
    1. Mjoen G, Hallan S, Hartmann A, et al. Long-term risks for kidney donors. Kidney Int. 2014;86:162–167.
    1. Lam NN, Lentine KL, Garg AX. End-stage renal disease risk in live kidney donors: what have we learned from two recent studies? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23:592–596.
    1. Lam NN, Lentine KL, Levey AS, et al. Long-term medical risks to the living kidney donor. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11:411–419.
    1. Kiberd BA, Clase CM. Cumulative risk for developing end-stage renal disease in the US population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:1635–1644.
    1. Steiner RW. The risks of living kidney donation. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:479–480.
    1. Grams ME, Garg AX, Lentine KL. Kidney-failure risk projection for the living kidney-donor candidate. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2094–2095.
    1. Delmonico F, Council of the Transplantation Society. A report of the Amsterdam forum on the care of the live kidney donor: data and medical guidelines. Transplantation. 2005;79:S53–S66.
    1. Hays RE. Informed consent of living kidney donors: pitfalls and best practice. Curr Transpl Rep. 2015;2:29–34.
    1. Thiessen C, Kim YA, Formica R, et al. Written informed consent for living kidney donors: practices and compliance with CMS and OPTN requirements. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:2713–2721.
    1. Valapour M, Kahn JP, Bailey RF, et al. Assessing elements of informed consent among living donors. Clin Transplant. 2011;25:185–190.
    1. Gordon EJ. Informed consent for living donation: a review of key empirical studies, ethical challenges and future research. Am J Transplant. 2012;12:2273–2280.
    1. Housawi AA, Young A, Boudville N, et al. Transplant professionals vary in the long-term medical risks they communicate to potential living kidney donors: an international survey. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:3040–3045.
    1. Rodrigue JR, Pavlakis M, Danovitch GM, et al. Evaluating living kidney donors: relationship types, psychosocial criteria, and consent processes at US transplant programs. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:2326–2332.
    1. Gordon EJ, Butt Z, Jensen SE, et al. Opportunities for shared decision making in kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:1149–1158.
    1. Dew MA, Jacobs CL, Jowsey SG, et al. Guidelines for the psychosocial evaluation of living unrelated kidney donors in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:1047–1054.
    1. Canadian Council for Donation and Transplantation. Enhancing living donation: a Canadian forum—report and recommendations, February 9-12, 2006, Vancouver, British Columbia.
    1. The British Transplantation Society and The Renal Association. The United Kingdom guidelines for living donor kidney transplantation. Third Edition, 2011. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. National Health and Medical Research Council. Organ and tissue donation by living donors. Guidelines for ethical practice for health professionals, 2007. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Abramowicz D, Cochat P, Claas FH, et al. European Renal Best Practice Guideline on kidney donor and recipient evaluation and perioperative care. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30:1790–1797.
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing). OPTN Policies, Policy 14: Living Donation. . (Accessed: June 28, 2017).
    1. Gesetz über die Spende, Entnahme und Übertragung von Organen. [Legislation on the donation, harvesting and transplantation of organs] (Transplantationsgesetz - TPG) From November 5, 1997 (Bundesgesetzblatt I page 2631).
    1. Campbell M, Wright L, Greenberg RA, et al. How young is too young to be a living donor? Am J Transplant. 2013;13:1643–1649.
    1. Spanish Society of Nephrology (S.E.N.) and Spanish Transplant Organisation (ONT). Recommendations for living-donor kidney transplantation. Nefrologia 2010;30:1–105.
    1. Kälble T, Lucan M, Nicita G, et al. EAU guidelines on renal transplantation. Eur Urol. 2005;47:156–166.
    1. Living Donor Informed Consent Checklist. Available at: . (Accessed: June 29, 2017).
    1. Plain language informed consent policy summary (English and Spanish). Available at: . (Accessed: June 29, 2017).
    1. Tan JC, Gordon EJ, Dew MA, et al. Living donor kidney transplantation: facilitating education about live kidney donation—recommendations from a consensus conference. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1670–1677.
    1. European Best Practice Guidelines for Renal Transplantation. Section II: Evaluation and selection of donors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000;15:39–51.
    1. Melcher ML, Blosser CD, Baxter-Lowe LA, et al. Dynamic challenges inhibiting optimal adoption of kidney paired donation: findings of a consensus conference. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:851–860.
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing). OPTN Policies, Policy 13: Kidney paired donation (KPD). Available at: . (Accessed: June 28, 2017).
    1. Mamode N, Lennerling A, Citterio F, et al. Anonymity and live-donor transplantation: an ELPAT view. Transplantation. 2013;95:536–541.
    1. Bingaman AW, Wright FH, Jr, Kapturczak M, et al. Single-center kidney paired donation: the Methodist San Antonio experience. Am J Transplant. 2012;12:2125–2132.
    1. Hendren E, Gill J, Landsberg D, et al. Willingness of directed living donors and their recipients to participate in kidney paired donation programs. Transplantation. 2015;99:1894–1899.
    1. Cuffy MC, Ratner LE, Siegler M, et al. Equipoise: ethical, scientific, and clinical trial design considerations for compatible pair participation in kidney exchange programs. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:1484–1489.
    1. Young A, Kim SJ, Gibney EM, et al. Discovering misattributed paternity in living kidney donation: prevalence, preference, and practice. Transplantation. 2009;87:1429–1435.
    1. Ross LF. Good ethics requires good science: why transplant programs should not disclose misattributed parentage. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:742–746.
    1. Wright L, MacRae S, Gordon D, et al. Disclosure of misattributed paternity: issues involved in the discovery of unsought information. Semin Dial. 2002;15:202–206.
    1. Mataya L, Meadow J, Thistlethwaite JR, Jr, et al. Disclosing health and health behavior information between living donors and their recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1609–1616.
    1. Hizo-Abes P, Young A, Reese PP, et al. Attitudes to sharing personal health information in living kidney donation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:717–722.
    1. Seem DL, Lee I, Umscheid CA, et al. Excerpt from PHS guideline for reducing HIV, HBV and HCV transmission through organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:1953–1962.
    1. Rodrigue JR, Ladin K, Pavlakis M, et al. Disclosing recipient information to potential living donors: preferences of donors and recipients, before and after surgery. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1270–1278.
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing). OPTN Policies, Policy 18: Data submission requirements. . (Accessed: June 28, 2017).
    1. Danovitch GM, Chapman J, Capron AM, et al. Organ trafficking and transplant tourism: the role of global professional ethical standards—the 2008 Declaration of Istanbul. Transplantation. 2013;95:1306–1312.
    1. Allen MB, Abt PL, Reese PP. What are the harms of refusing to allow living kidney donation? An expanded view of risks and benefits. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:531–537.
    1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: The SHARE Approach—Using the Teach-Back technique: A reference guide for health care providers. (Access date: May 4, 2016).
    1. Gordon EJ, Mullee J, Butt Z, et al. Optimizing informed consent in living liver donors: evaluation of a comprehension assessment tool. Liver Transpl. 2015;21:1270–1279.
    1. Rodrigue JR, Vishnevsky T, Fleishman A, et al. Patient-reported outcomes following living kidney donation: a single center experience. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2015;22:160–168.
    1. Faden RR, Beauchamp T. A history and theory of informed consent. New York: Oxford University Press; 1986.
    1. Millis MA, Simmerling M. Prisoners as organ donors: is it worth the effort? Is it ethical? Transplant Proc. 2009;41:23–24.
    1. Ross LF. What the medical excuse teaches us about the potential living donor as patient. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:731–736.
    1. Thiessen C, Kim YA, Formica R, et al. Opting out: confidentiality and availability of an 'alibi' for potential living kidney donors in the USA. J Med Ethics. 2015;41:506–510.
    1. Maple NH, Hadjianastassiou V, Jones R, et al. Understanding risk in living donor nephrectomy. J Med Ethics. 2010;36:142–147.
    1. Fortin MC, Buchman D, Wright L, et al. Public solicitation of anonymous organ donors: a position paper by the Canadian Society of Transplantation. Transplantation. 2017;101:17–20.
    1. Cook RI, Wreathall J, Smith A, et al. Probabilistic risk assessment of accidental ABO-incompatible thoracic organ transplantation before and after 2003. Transplantation. 2007;84:1602–1609.
    1. Gloor JM, Lager DJ, Moore SB, et al. ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation using both A2 and non-A2 living donors. Transplantation. 2003;75:971–977.
    1. Bachelet T, Martinez C, Del Bello A, et al. Deleterious impact of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies toward HLA-Cw and HLA-DP in kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2016;100:159–166.
    1. Filippone EJ, Farber JL. Humoral immune response and allograft function in kidney transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66:337–347.
    1. Tait BD, Süsal C, Gebel HM, et al. Consensus guidelines on the testing and clinical management issues associated with HLA and non-HLA antibodies in transplantation. Transplantation. 2013;95:19–47.
    1. Segev DL, Gentry SE, Melancon JK, et al. Characterization of waiting times in a simulation of kidney paired donation. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:2448–2455.
    1. Montgomery JR, Berger JC, Warren DS, et al. Outcomes of ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation in the United States. Transplantation. 2012;93:603–609.
    1. Montgomery RA, Lonze BE, King KE, et al. Desensitization in HLA-incompatible kidney recipients and survival. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:318–326.
    1. Segev DL, Gentry SE, Warren DS, et al. Kidney paired donation and optimizing the use of live donor organs. JAMA. 2005;293:1883–1890.
    1. Matas AJ, Smith JM, Skeans MA, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2013 Annual Data Report: kidney. Am J Transplant. 2015;15(Suppl 2):1–34.
    1. de Klerk M, Haase-Kromwijk BJ, Witvliet M, et al. [Favourable results of the first 2 years of the Dutch paired, living donor, kidney exchange programme]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007;151:130–133.
    1. Segev DL, Veale JL, Berger JC, et al. Transporting live donor kidneys for kidney paired donation: initial national results. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:356–360.
    1. Treat EG, Miller ET, Kwan L, et al. Outcomes of shipped live donor kidney transplants compared with traditional living donor kidney transplants. Transpl Int. 2014;27:1175–1182.
    1. Melcher ML, Leeser DB, Gritsch HA, et al. Chain transplantation: initial experience of a large multicenter program. Am J Transplant. 2012;12:2429–2436.
    1. Aikawa A, Kawamura T, Shishido S, et al. ABO-incompatible living-donor pediatric kidney transplantation in Japan. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2014;69(Suppl 1):22–27.
    1. Aikawa A, Saito K, Takahashi K. Trends in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. Exp Clin Transplant. 2015;13(Suppl 1):18–22.
    1. Takahashi K, Saito K, Takahara S, et al. Excellent long-term outcome of ABO-incompatible living donor kidney transplantation in Japan. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:1089–1096.
    1. Lentine KL, Axelrod D, Klein C, et al. Early clinical complications after ABO-incompatible live-donor kidney transplantation: a national study of Medicare-insured recipients. Transplantation. 2014;98:54–65.
    1. Ishikawa N, Yagisawa T, Kimura T, et al. Kidney transplantation of living unrelated and ABO-incompatible donor-recipient combinations. Transplant Proc. 2013;45:1242–1244.
    1. Kong JM, Ahn J, Park JB, et al. ABO incompatible living donor kidney transplantation in Korea: highly uniform protocols and good medium-term outcome. Clin Transplant. 2013;27:875–881.
    1. Montgomery RA, Locke JE, King KE, et al. ABO incompatible renal transplantation: a paradigm ready for broad implementation. Transplantation. 2009;87:1246–1255.
    1. Opelz G, Morath C, Süsal C, et al. Three-year outcomes following 1420 ABO-incompatible living-donor kidney transplants performed after ABO antibody reduction: results from 101 centers. Transplantation. 2015;99:400–404.
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing). National Data Reports. . (Accessed June 28, 2017).
    1. Axelrod D, Segev DL, Xiao H, et al. Economic impacts of ABO-incompatible live donor kidney transplantation: A national study of Medicare-insured recipients. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:1465–1473.
    1. Orandi BJ, Luo X, Massie AB, et al. Survival benefit with kidney transplants from HLA-incompatible live donors. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:940–950.
    1. Axelrod D, Lentine KL, Schnitzler MA, et al. The incremental cost of incompatible living donor kidney transplant: A national cohort analysis. Am J Transpl. 2017. ePub ahead of print.
    1. Clavien PA, Barkun J, de Oliveira ML, et al. The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: five-year experience. Ann Surg. 2009;250:187–196.
    1. Mjøen G, Øyen O, Holdaas H, et al. Morbidity and mortality in 1022 consecutive living donor nephrectomies: benefits of a living donor registry. Transplantation. 2009;88:1273–1279.
    1. Lentine KL, Lam NN, Schnitzler MA, et al. Predonation prescription opioid use: a novel risk factor for readmission after living kidney donation. Am J Transplant. 2017;17:744–753.
    1. Cohn SL. Preoperative evaluation for noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165:ITC81–ITC96.
    1. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery): developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation. 2007;116:e418–499.
    1. Ferket BS, Genders TS, Colkesen EB, et al. Systematic review of guidelines on imaging of asymptomatic coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1591–1600.
    1. Chee YL, Crawford JC, Watson HG, et al. Guidelines on the assessment of bleeding risk prior to surgery or invasive procedures. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2008;140:496–504.
    1. Fernández Fresnedo G, de la Oliva Valentín M, Cruzado JM, et al. [Objectives and methodology of S.E.N-ONT guidelines for living donor kidney transplantation]. Nefrologia. 2010;30(Suppl 2):1–2.
    1. Devereaux PJ, Mrkobrada M, Sessler DI, et al. Aspirin in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1494–1503.
    1. Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, et al. Executive summary: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:7S–47S.
    1. Qaseem A, Snow V, Fitterman N, et al. Risk assessment for and strategies to reduce perioperative pulmonary complications for patients undergoing noncardiothoracic surgery: a guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:575–580.
    1. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2014;120:268–286.
    1. Mills E, Eyawo O, Lockhart I, et al. Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2011;124:144–154 e148.
    1. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2013:1–150.
    1. Earley A, Miskulin D, Lamb EJ, et al. Estimating equations for glomerular filtration rate in the era of creatinine standardization: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:785–795.
    1. Wesson L. Physiology of the Human Kidney. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1969.
    1. Jafar TH, Islam M, Jessani S, et al. Level and determinants of kidney function in a South Asian population in Pakistan. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58:764–772.
    1. Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604–612.
    1. Soveri I, Berg UB, Bjork J, et al. Measuring GFR: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:411–424.
    1. Ognibene A, Grandi G, Lorubbio M, et al. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline CKD classification rules out creatinine clearance 24 hour urine collection? Clin Biochem. 2016;49:85–89.
    1. Gaillard F, Flamant M, Lemoine S, et al. Estimated or measured GFR in living kidney donors work-up? Am J Transplant. 2016;16:3024–3032.
    1. Fan L, Inker LA, Rossert J, et al. Glomerular filtration rate estimation using cystatin C alone or combined with creatinine as a confirmatory test. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1195–1203.
    1. Inker LA, Schmid CH, Tighiouart H, et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:20–29.
    1. Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:2073–2081.
    1. Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, et al. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int. 2011;80:17–28.
    1. Matsushita K, Mahmoodi BK, Woodward M, et al. Comparison of risk prediction using the CKD-EPI equation and the MDRD study equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA. 2012;307:1941–1951.
    1. Shlipak MG, Matsushita K, Arnlov J, et al. Cystatin C versus creatinine in determining risk based on kidney function. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:932–943.
    1. Hallan SI, Matsushita K, Sang Y, et al. Age and association of kidney measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease. JAMA. 2012;308:2349–2360.
    1. Kasiske BL, Anderson-Haag T, Israni AK, et al. A prospective controlled study of living kidney donors: three-year follow-up. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66:114–124.
    1. Ibrahim HN, Foley R, Tan L, et al. Long-term consequences of kidney donation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:459–469.
    1. Garg AX, Muirhead N, Knoll G, et al. Proteinuria and reduced kidney function in living kidney donors: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Kidney Int. 2006;70:1801–1810.
    1. Cohney S, Kanellis J, Howell M. The CARI guidelines. Donor renal function. Nephrology (Carlton). 2010;15(Suppl 1):S137–S145.
    1. Blantz RC, Steiner RW. Benign hyperfiltration after living kidney donation. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:972–974.
    1. Lenihan CR, Busque S, Derby G, et al. Longitudinal study of living kidney donor glomerular dynamics after nephrectomy. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:1311–1318.
    1. Fehrman-Ekholm I, Duner F, Brink B, et al. No evidence of accelerated loss of kidney function in living kidney donors: results from a cross-sectional follow-up. Transplantation. 2001;72:444–449.
    1. Fournier C, Pallet N, Cherqaoui Z, et al. Very long-term follow-up of living kidney donors. Transpl Int. 2012;25:385–390.
    1. Cherikh WS, Young CJ, Kramer BF, et al. Ethnic and gender related differences in the risk of end-stage renal disease after living kidney donation. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1650–1655.
    1. LaPointe Rudow D, Hays R, Baliga P, et al. Consensus conference on best practices in live kidney donation: recommendations to optimize education, access, and care. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:914–922.
    1. Wang X, Vrtiska TJ, Avula RT, et al. Age, kidney function, and risk factors associate differently with cortical and medullary volumes of the kidney. Kidney Int. 2014;85:677–685.
    1. Glodny B, Unterholzner V, Taferner B, et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors—a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urol. 2009;9:19.
    1. Emamian SA, Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF, et al. Kidney dimensions at sonography: correlation with age, sex, and habitus in 665 adult volunteers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160:83–86.
    1. Norden G, Lennerling A, Nyberg G. Low absolute glomerular filtration rate in the living kidney donor: a risk factor for graft loss. Transplantation. 2000;70:1360–1362.
    1. Zaky ZS, Gebreselassie S, Poggio ED. Evaluation of kidney function and structure in potential living kidney donors: implications for the donor and recipient. Curr Transpl Rep. 2015;2:15–21.
    1. Mandelbrot DA, Pavlakis M, Danovitch GM, et al. The medical evaluation of living kidney donors: a survey of US transplant centers. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:2333–2343.
    1. Inker LA. Albuminuria: time to focus on accuracy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63:378–381.
    1. Gansevoort RT, Verhave JC, Hillege HL, et al. The validity of screening based on spot morning urine samples to detect subjects with microalbuminuria in the general population. Kidney Int Suppl. 2005:S28–35.
    1. Mogensen CL. Microalbuminuria and kidney function: notes on methods, interpretation and classification. NY: Wiley; 1986.
    1. Boudville N, Kanellis J. The CARI guidelines. Donors at risk: proteinuria. Nephrology (Carlton). 2010;15(Suppl 1):S106–S110.
    1. Kasiske BL, Ravenscraft M, Ramos EL, et al. The evaluation of living renal transplant donors: clinical practice guidelines. Ad Hoc Clinical Practice Guidelines Subcommittee of the Patient Care and Education Committee of the American Society of Transplant Physicians. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:2288–2313.
    1. Cohen RA, Brown RS. Clinical practice. Microscopic hematuria. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2330–2338.
    1. Davis R, Jones JS, Barocas DA, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation and follow-up of asymptomatic microhematuria (AMH) in adults: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2012;188:2473–2481.
    1. Sutton JM. Evaluation of hematuria in adults. JAMA. 1990;263:2475–2480.
    1. Vivante A, Afek A, Frenkel-Nir Y, et al. Persistent asymptomatic isolated microscopic hematuria in Israeli adolescents and young adults and risk for end-stage renal disease. JAMA. 2011;306:729–736.
    1. Chow KM, Kwan BC, Li PK, et al. Asymptomatic isolated microscopic haematuria: long-term follow-up. QJM. 2004;97:739–745.
    1. Kovacevic Z, Jovanovic D, Rabrenovic V, et al. Asymptomatic microscopic haematuria in young males. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62:406–412.
    1. Lee YM, Baek SY, Kim JH, et al. Analysis of renal biopsies performed in children with abnormal findings in urinary mass screening. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:849–853.
    1. Park YH, Choi JY, Chung HS, et al. Hematuria and proteinuria in a mass school urine screening test. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:1126–1130.
    1. Lam NN, Lentine KL, Garg AX, et al. Renal and cardiac assessment of living kidney donor candidates. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13:420–428.
    1. Savige J, Rana K, Tonna S, et al. Thin basement membrane nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2003;64:1169–1178.
    1. Koushik R, Garvey C, Manivel JC, et al. Persistent, asymptomatic, microscopic hematuria in prospective kidney donors. Transplantation. 2005;80:1425–1429.
    1. Choi SR, Sun IO, Hong YA, et al. The role of kidney biopsy to determine donation from prospective kidney donors with asymptomatic urinary abnormalities. Transplant Proc. 2012;44:11–13.
    1. Jais JP, Knebelmann B, Giatras I, et al. X-linked Alport syndrome: natural history and genotype-phenotype correlations in girls and women belonging to 195 families: a “European Community Alport Syndrome Concerted Action” study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2603–2610.
    1. Temme J, Peters F, Lange K, et al. Incidence of renal failure and nephroprotection by RAAS inhibition in heterozygous carriers of X-chromosomal and autosomal recessive Alport mutations. Kidney Int. 2012;81:779–783.
    1. Gross O, Weber M, Fries JW, et al. Living donor kidney transplantation from relatives with mild urinary abnormalities in Alport syndrome: long-term risk, benefit and outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:1626–1630.
    1. D'Amico G. Natural history of idiopathic IgA nephropathy and factors predictive of disease outcome. Semin Nephrol. 2004;24:179–196.
    1. Szeto CC, Lai FM, To KF, et al. The natural history of immunoglobulin a nephropathy among patients with hematuria and minimal proteinuria. Am J Med. 2001;110:434–437.
    1. Suzuki K, Honda K, Tanabe K, et al. Incidence of latent mesangial IgA deposition in renal allograft donors in Japan. Kidney Int. 2003;63:2286–2294.
    1. Kido R, Shibagaki Y, Iwadoh K, et al. Persistent glomerular hematuria in living kidney donors confers a risk of progressive kidney disease in donors after heminephrectomy. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:1597–1604.
    1. Richardson R, Connelly M, Dipchand C, et al. Kidney paired donation protocol for participating donors 2014. Transplantation. 2015;99:S1–S88.
    1. Ierino F, Kanellis J, CARI. The CARI guidelines. Donors at risk: haematuria. Nephrology (Carlton). 2010;15(Suppl 1):S111–S113.
    1. Savige J, Gregory M, Gross O, et al. Expert guidelines for the management of Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:364–375.
    1. Lorenz EC, Lieske JC, Vrtiska TJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of potential kidney donors with asymptomatic kidney stones. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:2695–2700.
    1. Hughes P, Caring for Australians with Renal Impairment (CARI). The CARI guidelines. Kidney stones epidemiology. Nephrology (Carlton). 2007;12(Suppl 1):S26–S30.
    1. Thomas SM, Lam NN, Welk BK, et al. Risk of kidney stones with surgical intervention in living kidney donors. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:2935–2944.
    1. Olsburgh J, Thomas K, Wong K, et al. Incidental renal stones in potential live kidney donors: prevalence, assessment and donation, including role of ex vivo ureteroscopy. BJU Int. 2013;111:784–792.
    1. Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, et al. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014;192:316–324.
    1. Türk C, Petřík A, Sarica K, et al. EAU guidelines on diagnosis and conservative management of urolithiasis. Eur Urol. 2016;69:468–474.
    1. Ferraro PM, Curhan GC, D'Addessi A, et al. Risk of recurrence of idiopathic calcium kidney stones: analysis of data from the literature. J Nephrol. 2017;30:227–233.
    1. Rule AD, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC. Chronic kidney disease in kidney stone formers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:2069–2075.
    1. Alexander RT, Hemmelgarn BR, Wiebe N, et al. Kidney stones and kidney function loss: a cohort study. BMJ. 2012;345:e5287.
    1. Shoag J, Halpern J, Goldfarb DS, et al. Risk of chronic and end stage kidney disease in patients with nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 2014;192:1440–1445.
    1. Kummer AE, Grams M, Lutsey P, et al. Nephrolithiasis as a risk factor for CKD: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:2023–2029.
    1. Strang AM, Lockhart ME, Amling CL, et al. Living renal donor allograft lithiasis: a review of stone related morbidity in donors and recipients. J Urol. 2008;179:832–836.
    1. Fink HA, Wilt TJ, Eidman KE, et al. Medical management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:535–543.
    1. Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, et al. Dietary and pharmacologic management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:659–667.
    1. AST/ASTS/NATCO/UNOS Joint Societies Work Group. Evaluation of the Living Kidney Donor—a Consensus Document from the AST/ASTS/NATCO/UNOS Joint Societies Work Group.
    1. Campion EW, Glynn RJ, DeLabry LO. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study. Am J Med. 1987;82:421–426.
    1. Zhang W, Doherty M, Pascual E, et al. EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part I: Diagnosis. Report of a task force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:1301–1311.
    1. Lipkowitz MS. Regulation of uric acid excretion by the kidney. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012;14:179–188.
    1. Krishnan E. Reduced glomerular function and prevalence of gout: NHANES 2009-10. PLoS One. 2012;7:e50046.
    1. Kasiske BL, Anderson-Haag T, Ibrahim HN, et al. A prospective controlled study of kidney donors: baseline and 6-month follow-up. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62:577–586.
    1. Moody WE, Ferro CJ, Edwards NC, et al. Cardiovascular effects of unilateral nephrectomy in living kidney donors. Hypertension. 2016;67:368–377.
    1. Lam NN, McArthur E, Kim SJ, et al. Gout after living kidney donation: a matched cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65:925–932.
    1. Lam NN, Garg AX, Segev DL, et al. Gout after living kidney donation: correlations with demographic traits and renal complications. Am J Nephrol. 2015;41:231–240.
    1. Braga F, Pasqualetti S, Ferraro S, et al. Hyperuricemia as risk factor for coronary heart disease incidence and mortality in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016;54:7–15.
    1. Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:1431–1446.
    1. van Echteld IA, van Durme C, Falzon L, et al. Treatment of gout patients with impairment of renal function: a systematic literature review. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2014;92:48–54.
    1. Kasiske BL, Kumar R, Kimmel PL, et al. Abnormalities in biomarkers of mineral and bone metabolism in kidney donors. Kidney Int. 2016;90:861–868.
    1. Young A, Hodsman AB, Boudville N, et al. Bone and mineral metabolism and fibroblast growth factor 23 levels after kidney donation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59:761–769.
    1. Garg AX, Pouget J, Young A, et al. Fracture risk in living kidney donors: a matched cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59:770–776.
    1. Textor SC, Taler SJ, Larson TS, et al. Blood pressure evaluation among older living kidney donors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2159–2167.
    1. O'Brien E, Parati G, Stergiou G, et al. European Society of Hypertension position paper on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1731–1768.
    1. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–1252.
    1. Ierino F, Boudville N, Kanellis J. The CARI guidelines. Donors at risk: hypertension. Nephrology (Carlton). 2010;15(Suppl 1):S114–S120.
    1. Pascual J, Abramowicz D, Cochat P, et al. European renal best practice guideline on the management and evaluation of the kidney donor and recipient. Nefrologia. 2014;34:293–301.
    1. Stergiou GS, Asayama K, Thijs L, et al. Prognosis of white-coat and masked hypertension: International Database of HOme blood pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome. Hypertension. 2014;63:675–682.
    1. Hanninen MR, Niiranen TJ, Puukka PJ, et al. Target organ damage and masked hypertension in the general population: the Finn-Home study. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1136–1143.
    1. Aljadhey H, Tu W, Hansen RA, et al. Comparative effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on blood pressure in patients with hypertension. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2012;12:93.
    1. Elliott WJ. Drug interactions and drugs that affect blood pressure. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006;8:731–737.
    1. Snowden S, Nelson R. The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Cardiol Rev. 2011;19:184–191.
    1. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2960–2984.
    1. Young JH, Klag MJ, Muntner P, et al. Blood pressure and decline in kidney function: findings from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2776–2782.
    1. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287:1003–1010.
    1. Boudville N, Prasad GV, Knoll G, et al. Meta-analysis: risk for hypertension in living kidney donors. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:185–196.
    1. Garg AX, Prasad GV, Thiessen-Philbrook HR, et al. Cardiovascular disease and hypertension risk in living kidney donors: an analysis of health administrative data in Ontario, Canada. Transplantation. 2008;86:399–406.
    1. Lentine KL, Schnitzler MA, Garg AX, et al. Understanding antihypertensive medication use after living kidney donation through linked national registry and pharmacy claims data. Am J Nephrol. 2014;40:174–183.
    1. Lentine KL, Schnitzler MA, Xiao H, et al. Consistency of racial variation in medical outcomes among publicly and privately insured living kidney donors. Transplantation. 2014;97:316–324.
    1. Lentine KL, Schnitzler MA, Xiao H, et al. Racial variation in medical outcomes among living kidney donors. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:724–732.
    1. Doshi MD, Goggins MO, Li L, et al. Medical outcomes in African American live kidney donors: a matched cohort study. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:111–118.
    1. Lv J, Ehteshami P, Sarnak MJ, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2013;185:949–957.
    1. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, et al. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1456–1462.
    1. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861–869.
    1. Appel LJ, Wright JT, Jr, Greene T, et al. Long-term effects of renin-angiotensin system-blocking therapy and a low blood pressure goal on progression of hypertensive chronic kidney disease in African Americans. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:832–839.
    1. Appel LJ, Wright JT, Jr, Greene T, et al. Intensive blood-pressure control in hypertensive chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:918–929.
    1. Friedman DJ, Kozlitina J, Genovese G, et al. Population-based risk assessment of APOL1 on renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:2098–2105.
    1. Kanji Z, Powe CE, Wenger JB, et al. Genetic variation in APOL1 associates with younger age at hemodialysis initiation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:2091–2097.
    1. Kopp JB, Nelson GW, Sampath K, et al. APOL1 genetic variants in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:2129–2137.
    1. Parsa A, Kao WH, Xie D, et al. APOL1 risk variants, race, and progression of chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2183–2196.
    1. Meguid El Nahas A, Bello AK. Chronic kidney disease: the global challenge. Lancet. 2005;365:331–340.
    1. Poggio ED, Braun WE, Davis C. The science of stewardship: due diligence for kidney donors and kidney function in living kidney donation—evaluation, determinants, and implications for outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:1677–1684.
    1. Oh CK, Jeon KO, Kim HJ, et al. Metabolic demand and renal mass supply affecting the early graft function after living donor kidney transplantation. Kidney Int. 2005;67:744–749.
    1. Rook M, Bosma RJ, van Son WJ, et al. Nephrectomy elicits impact of age and BMI on renal hemodynamics: lower postdonation reserve capacity in older or overweight kidney donors. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:2077–2085.
    1. Lee JH, Kim SC, Han DJ, et al. Risk factors for MDRD-GFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in former kidney donors. Nephrology (Carlton). 2007;12:600–606.
    1. Gracida C, Espinoza R, Cedillo U, et al. Kidney transplantation with living donors: nine years of follow-up of 628 living donors. Transplant Proc. 2003;35:946–947.
    1. Textor SC, Taler SJ, Driscoll N, et al. Blood pressure and renal function after kidney donation from hypertensive living donors. Transplantation. 2004;78:276–282.
    1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Report on Diabetes. Executive Summary. Available at: . (Accessed: July 31, 2016).
    1. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384:766–781.
    1. World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and managing global epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series No 894, 2000.
    1. Padwal RS. Obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome: the global scourge. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30:467–472.
    1. Zobel EH, Hansen TW, Rossing P, et al. Global changes in food supply and the obesity epidemic. Curr Obes Rep. 2016;5:449–455.
    1. World Health Organization. Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio. Report of a WHO Expert Consultation; Geneva, 8–11 2008.
    1. Boudville N, Isbel N. The CARI guidelines. Donors at risk: impaired glucose tolerance. Nephrology (Carlton). 2010;15(Suppl 1):S133–S136.
    1. World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes. 2016.
    1. Makaroff LE. The need for international consensus on prediabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:5–7.
    1. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2889–2934.
    1. DeMaria EJ, Carmody BJ. Perioperative management of special populations: obesity. Surg Clin North Am. 2005;85:1283–1289.
    1. D'Agati VD, Chagnac A, de Vries AP, et al. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: clinical and pathologic characteristics and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12:453–471.
    1. von Zur-Muhlen B, Berglund D, Yamamoto S, et al. Single-centre long-term follow-up of live kidney donors demonstrates preserved kidney function but the necessity of a structured lifelong follow-up. Ups J Med Sci. 2014;119:236–241.
    1. Isbel N, CARI guidelines. The CARI guidelines. Donors at risk: obesity. Nephrology (Carlton). 2010;15(Suppl 1):S121–S132.
    1. Locke JE, Reed RD, Massie A, et al. Obesity increases the risk of end-stage renal disease among living kidney donors. Kidney Int. 2017;91:699–703.
    1. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, et al. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 2003;290:1884–1890.
    1. Plantinga LC, Crews DC, Coresh J, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in US adults with undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:673–682.
    1. Okamoto M, Suzuki T, Fujiki M, et al. The consequences for live kidney donors with preexisting glucose intolerance without diabetic complication: analysis at a single Japanese center. Transplantation. 2010;89:1391–1395.
    1. Tabak AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, et al. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet. 2012;379:2279–2290.
    1. Ferrannini E. Definition of intervention points in prediabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:667–675.
    1. Ligthart S, van Herpt TT, Leening MJ, et al. Lifetime risk of developing impaired glucose metabolism and eventual progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:44–51.
    1. Chandran S, Masharani U, Webber AB, et al. Prediabetic living kidney donors have preserved kidney function at 10 years after donation. Transplantation. 2014;97:748–754.
    1. Zammit AR, Katz MJ, Derby C, et al. Metabolic syndrome and smoking are associated with future development of advanced chronic kidney disease in older adults. Cardiorenal Med. 2016;6:108–115.
    1. Young BA, Katz R, Boulware LE, et al. Risk factors for rapid kidney function decline among African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;68:229–239.
    1. Garg AX, Meirambayeva A, Huang A, et al. Cardiovascular disease in kidney donors: matched cohort study. BMJ. 2012;344:e1203.
    1. Kaplan B, Ilahe A. Quantifying risk of kidney donation: the truth is not out there (yet). Am J Transplant. 2014;14:1715–1716.
    1. Amer H, Prieto M, Heimbach JK, et al. Increasing mortality by living kidney donation? The devil is in the details. Kidney Int. 2014;85:1469.
    1. Kirchner VA, Liu PT, Pruett TL. Infection and cancer screening in potential living donors: best practices to protect the donor and recipient. Curr Transpl Rep. 2015;2:35–43.
    1. Fishman JA, Grossi PA. Donor-derived infection—the challenge for transplant safety. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:663–672.
    1. Len O, Garzoni C, Lumbreras C, et al. Recommendations for screening of donor and recipient prior to solid organ transplantation and to minimize transmission of donor-derived infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(Suppl 7):10–18.
    1. Morris MI, Fischer SA, Ison MG. Infections transmitted by transplantation. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010;24:497–514.
    1. Bohl DL, Brennan DC, Ryschkewitsch C, et al. BK virus antibody titers and intensity of infections after renal transplantation. J Clin Virol. 2008;43:184–189.
    1. Bohl DL, Storch GA, Ryschkewitsch C, et al. Donor origin of BK virus in renal transplantation and role of HLA C7 in susceptibility to sustained BK viremia. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:2213–2221.
    1. Mwintshi K, Brennan DC. Prevention and management of cytomegalovirus infection in solid-organ transplantation. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2007;5:295–304.
    1. Andrews PA, Emery VC, Newstead C. Summary of the British Transplantation Society guidelines for the prevention and management of CMV disease after solid organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2011;92:1181–1187.
    1. Brennan DC, Agha I, Bohl DL, et al. Incidence of BK with tacrolimus versus cyclosporine and impact of preemptive immunosuppression reduction. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:582–594.
    1. Spinner ML, Saab G, Casabar E, et al. Impact of prophylactic versus preemptive valganciclovir on long-term renal allograft outcomes. Transplantation. 2010;90:412–418.
    1. Ison MG, Grossi P, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Donor-derived infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(Suppl 4):22–30.
    1. HIV transmitted from a living organ donor-New York City, 2009. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1334–1337.
    1. Garzoni C, Ison MG. Uniform definitions for donor-derived infectious disease transmissions in solid organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2011;92:1297–1300.
    1. Levi ME, Kumar D, Green M, et al. Considerations for screening live kidney donors for endemic infections: a viewpoint on the UNOS policy. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:1003–1011.
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing). Recognizing Seasonal and Geographically Endemic Infections in Organ Donors: Considerations during Living Donor Evaluation. 2014. (). (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) Ad Hoc Disease Transmission Advisory Committee (DTAC). Guidance for Identifying Risk Factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) During Evaluation of Potential Living Kidney Donors. Available at: . (Accessed September 7, 2016).
    1. Chin-Hong PV, Schwartz BS, Bern C, et al. Screening and treatment of Chagas disease in organ transplant recipients in the United States: recommendations from the Chagas in transplant working group. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:672–680.
    1. Morris MI, Daly JS, Blumberg E, et al. Diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in transplant donors: a donor-derived infections consensus conference report. Am J Transplant. 2012;12:2288–2300.
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) Ad Hoc Disease Transmission Advisory Committee (DTAC). Identifying Risk Factors for West Nile Virus (WNV) During Evaluation of Potential Living Donors. Available at: . (Accessed September 7, 2016).
    1. Feng S, Buell JF, Cherikh WS, et al. Organ donors with positive viral serology or malignancy: risk of disease transmission by transplantation. Transplantation. 2002;74:1657–1663.
    1. Ouseph R, Eng M, Ravindra K, et al. Review of the use of hepatitis B core antibody-positive kidney donors. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2010;24:167–171.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Testing recommendations for hepatitis C virus infection. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Yamabe H, et al. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:465–470.
    1. Natov SN. Transmission of viral hepatitis by kidney transplantation: donor evaluation and transplant policies (Part 2: hepatitis C virus). Transpl Infect Dis. 2002;4:124–131.
    1. Abbott KC, Lentine KL, Bucci JR, et al. The impact of transplantation with deceased donor hepatitis C-positive kidneys on survival in wait-listed long-term dialysis patients. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:2032–2037.
    1. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2016. J Hepatol 2017;66:153–194.
    1. Busch MP, Glynn SA, Stramer SL, et al. A new strategy for estimating risks of transfusion-transmitted viral infections based on rates of detection of recently infected donors. Transfusion. 2005;45:254–264.
    1. Muller E, Kahn D, Mendelson M. Renal transplantation between HIV-positive donors and recipients. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2336–2337.
    1. U.S. Federal Register. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act Safeguards and Research Criteria for Transplantation of Organs Infected With HIV. A Notice by the National Institutes of Health on 06/18/2015. Available at: . (Accessed September 7, 2016).
    1. Ison MG, Llata E, Conover CS, et al. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1218–1225.
    1. Blumberg EA, Ison MG, Pruett TL, et al. Optimal testing of the live organ donor for blood-borne viral pathogens: the report of a consensus conference. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:1405–1415.
    1. Ison MG, Abecassis M, Blumberg E, et al. Achieving consensus on increased risk donors to improve access to organ transplantation. Northwestern Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality-funded Consensus Conference, presented to the Advisory Committee on Organ Transplantation of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, August 2, 2012. Available at: . (Accessed September 7, 2016).
    1. Echenique IA, Cohen D, Rudow DL, et al. Impact of repeat testing of living kidney donors within 14 days of the transplant procedure: a multicenter retrospective survey. Transpl Infect Dis. 2014;16:403–411.
    1. Brennan DC, Aguado JM, Potena L, et al. Effect of maintenance immunosuppressive drugs on virus pathobiology: evidence and potential mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2013;23:97–125.
    1. Green M, Michaels MG. Epstein-Barr virus infection and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(Suppl 3):41–54.
    1. Morton M, Coupes B, Roberts SA, et al. Epstein-Barr virus infection in adult renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:1619–1629.
    1. Beam E, Razonable RR. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2012;14:633–641.
    1. Preiksaitis JK, Brennan DC, Fishman J, et al. Canadian Society of Transplantation consensus workshop on cytomegalovirus management in solid organ transplantation final report. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:218–227.
    1. Hodson EM, Ladhani M, Webster AC, et al. Antiviral medications for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2:CD003774.
    1. Cortes NJ, Afzali B, MacLean D, et al. Transmission of syphilis by solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:2497–2499.
    1. Cortez KJ, Greenwald MA. Current trends in donor testing to detect syphilis infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16:423.
    1. Theodoropoulos N, Jaramillo A, Penugonda S, et al. Improving syphilis screening in deceased organ donors. Transplantation. 2015;99:438–443.
    1. Meije Y, Piersimoni C, Torre-Cisneros J, et al. Mycobacterial infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(Suppl 7):89–101.
    1. Ison MG, Nalesnik MA. An update on donor-derived disease transmission in organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1123–1130.
    1. Aguado JM, Torre-Cisneros J, Fortún J, et al. Tuberculosis in solid-organ transplant recipients: consensus statement of the group for the study of infection in transplant recipients (GESITRA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1276–1284.
    1. Subramanian AK. Tuberculosis in solid organ transplant candidates and recipients: current and future challenges. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2014;27:316–321.
    1. Moon SM, Park IA, Kim SM, et al. Living donor and recipient screening for latent tuberculosis infection by tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma releasing assay in a country with an intermediate burden of tuberculosis. J Infect Chemother. 2013;19:1009–1013.
    1. Ariza-Heredia EJ, Beam EN, Lesnick TG, et al. Impact of urinary tract infection on allograft function after kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2014;28:683–690.
    1. Lee JR, Bang H, Dadhania D, et al. Independent risk factors for urinary tract infection and for subsequent bacteremia or acute cellular rejection: a single-center report of 1166 kidney allograft recipients. Transplantation. 2013;96:732–738.
    1. Abdalhamid BA, Al Abadi AN, Al Saghier MI, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis infection in kidney transplant recipients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015;26:98–102.
    1. Le M, Ravin K, Hasan A, et al. Single donor-derived strongyloidiasis in three solid organ transplant recipients: case series and review of the literature. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:1199–1206.
    1. Roseman DA, Kabbani D, Kwah J, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis transmission by kidney transplantation in two recipients from a common donor. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:2483–2486.
    1. World Health organization (WHO). Strongyloidiasis Epidemiology. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Huprikar S, Bosserman E, Patel G, et al. Donor-derived Trypanosoma cruzi infection in solid organ recipients in the United States, 2001-2011. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:2418–2425.
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) Ad Hoc Disease Transmission Advisory Committee (DTAC). Guidance regarding Ebola virus disease. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. World Health organization (WHO). Zika virus fact sheet (Updated 2 June 2016). Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) Ad Hoc Disease Transmission Advisory Committee (DTAC). Guidance on Zika virus. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Global Health. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. US Preventative Services Task Force. USPSTF Published recommendations for cancer screening. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. American Cancer Society. Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. United Kindgom (UK) National Screening Committee (UK NSC). Current UK NSC recommendations. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Lentine KL, Vijayan A, Xiao H, et al. Cancer diagnoses after living kidney donation: linking U.S. Registry data and administrative claims. Transplantation. 2012;94:139–144.
    1. Xiao D, Craig JC, Chapman JR, et al. Donor cancer transmission in kidney transplantation: a systematic review. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:2645–2652.
    1. Kauffman HM, Cherikh WS, McBride MA, et al. Deceased donors with a past history of malignancy: an organ procurement and transplantation network/united network for organ sharing update. Transplantation. 2007;84:272–274.
    1. Strauss DC, Thomas JM. Transmission of donor melanoma by organ transplantation. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:790–796.
    1. Penn I. Malignant melanoma in organ allograft recipients. Transplantation. 1996;61:274–278.
    1. Buell JF, Beebe TM, Trofe J, et al. Donor transmitted malignancies. Ann Transplant. 2004;9:53–56.
    1. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for skin cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;316:429–435.
    1. Nalesnik MA, Woodle ES, Dimaio JM, et al. Donor-transmitted malignancies in organ transplantation: assessment of clinical risk. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1140–1147.
    1. Ordon M, Welk B, McArthur E, et al. Risk of nephrectomy in previous living kidney donors. Transplantation. 2016;100:1313–1317.
    1. Israel GM, Bosniak MA. An update of the Bosniak renal cyst classification system. Urology. 2005;66:484–488.
    1. Campbell SC, Lane BR. Chapter 57: Malignant renal tumors. In: Campbell-Walsh Urology, 11th Edn Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Partin AW, et al. (eds). : Elsevier, p. 1314–1364, 2016.
    1. Musquera M, Pérez M, Peri L, et al. Kidneys from donors with incidental renal tumors: should they be considered acceptable option for transplantation? Transplantation. 2013;95:1129–1133.
    1. Valente M, Furian L, Rigotti P. Organ donors with small renal cancer: report of 3 cases. Transplant Proc. 2012;44:1846–1847.
    1. Sener A, Uberoi V, Bartlett ST, et al. Living-donor renal transplantation of grafts with incidental renal masses after ex-vivo partial nephrectomy. BJU Int. 2009;104:1655–1660.
    1. Ghafari A. Transplantation of a kidney with a renal cell carcinoma after living donation: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2007;39:1660–1661.
    1. Notify Library. The global vigilence and surveillance database for medical products of human origin. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Kuppachi S, Smith RJH, Thomas CP. Evaluation of genetic renal diseases in potential living kidney donors. Curr Transpl Rep. 2015;2:1–14.
    1. Chapman AB, Devuyst O, Eckardt KU, et al. Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD): executive summary from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2015;88:17–27.
    1. Pei Y, Hwang YH, Conklin J, et al. Imaging-based diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:746–753.
    1. Kanaan N, Devuyst O, Pirson Y. Renal transplantation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:455–465.
    1. Pei Y, Obaji J, Dupuis A, et al. Unified criteria for ultrasonographic diagnosis of ADPKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:205–212.
    1. Simms RJ, Travis DL, Durkie M, et al. Genetic testing in the assessment of living related kidney donors at risk of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Transplantation. 2015;99:1023–1029.
    1. Audrezet MP, Cornec-Le Gall E, Chen JM, et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: comprehensive mutation analysis of PKD1 and PKD2 in 700 unrelated patients. Hum Mutat. 2012;33:1239–1250.
    1. Rossetti S, Consugar MB, Chapman AB, et al. Comprehensive molecular diagnostics in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2143–2160.
    1. Riella LV, Sheridan AM. Testing for high-risk APOL1 alleles in potential living kidney donors. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66:396–401.
    1. Zwang NA, Shetty A, Sustento-Reodica N, et al. APOL1-associated end-stage renal disease in a living kidney transplant donor. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:3568–3572.
    1. Reeves-Daniel AM, DePalma JA, Bleyer AJ, et al. The APOL1 gene and allograft survival after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:1025–1030.
    1. Freedman BI, Pastan SO, Israni AK, et al. APOL1 genotype and kidney transplantation outcomes from deceased African American donors. Transplantation. 2016;100:194–202.
    1. Kofman T, Audard V, Narjoz C, et al. APOL1 polymorphisms and development of CKD in an identical twin donor and recipient pair. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63:816–819.
    1. Cohen DM, Mittalhenkle A, Scott DL, et al. African American living-kidney donors should be screened for APOL1 risk alleles. Transplantation. 2011;92:722–725.
    1. Lentine KL, Segev DL. Health outcomes among non-Caucasian living kidney donors: knowns and unknowns. Transpl Int. 2013;26:853–864.
    1. Ross LF, Thistlethwaite JR., Jr Introducing genetic tests with uncertain implications in living donor kidney transplantation: ApoL1 as a case study. Prog Transplant. 2016;26:203–206.
    1. Chandraker A. The real world impact of APOL1 variants on kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2016;100:16–17.
    1. Freedman BI, Julian BA. Should kidney donors be genotyped for APOL1 risk alleles? Kidney Int. 2015;87:671–673.
    1. Lentine KL, Schnitzler MA, Garg AX, et al. Race, relationship and renal diagnoses after living kidney donation. Transplantation. 2015;99:1723–1729.
    1. Newell KA, Formica RN, Gill JS, et al. Integrating APOL-1 gene variants into renal transplantation: considerations arising from the American Society of Transplantation expert conference. Am J Transplant. 2017;17:901–911.
    1. Chan MM, Gale DP. Isolated microscopic haematuria of glomerular origin: clinical significance and diagnosis in the 21st century. Clin Med (Lond). 2015;15:576–580.
    1. Miner JH, Baigent C, Flinter F, et al. The 2014 international workshop on Alport syndrome. Kidney Int. 2014;86:679–684.
    1. Niaudet P. Living donor kidney transplantation in patients with hereditary nephropathies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6:736–743.
    1. Heidet L, Gubler MC. The renal lesions of Alport syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:1210–1215.
    1. Gast C, Pengelly RJ, Lyon M, et al. Collagen (COL4A) mutations are the most frequent mutations underlying adult focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31:961–970.
    1. Weber S, Strasser K, Rath S, et al. Identification of 47 novel mutations in patients with Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31:941–955.
    1. Kashtan CE. Women with Alport syndrome: risks and rewards of kidney donation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:1369–1370.
    1. Favalli V, Disabella E, Molinaro M, et al. Genetic screening of Anderson-Fabry disease in probands referred from multispecialty clinics. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:1037–1050.
    1. Popli S, Molnar ZV, Leehey DJ, et al. Involvement of renal allograft by Fabry's disease. Am J Nephrol. 1987;7:316–318.
    1. Rood IM, Deegens JK, Wetzels JF. Genetic causes of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: implications for clinical practice. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:882–890.
    1. Pollak MR. Familial FSGS. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2014;21:422–425.
    1. Sadowski CE, Lovric S, Ashraf S, et al. A single-gene cause in 29.5% of cases of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:1279–1289.
    1. Winn MP, Alkhunaizi AM, Bennett WM, et al. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a need for caution in live-related renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:970–974.
    1. Donne RL, Abbs I, Barany P, et al. Recurrence of hemolytic uremic syndrome after live related renal transplantation associated with subsequent de novo disease in the donor. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:E22.
    1. Zuber J, Fakhouri F, Roumenina LT, et al. Use of eculizumab for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012;8:643–657.
    1. Hart TC, Gorry MC, Hart PS, et al. Mutations of the UMOD gene are responsible for medullary cystic kidney disease 2 and familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy. J Med Genet. 2002;39:882–892.
    1. Kirby A, Gnirke A, Jaffe DB, et al. Mutations causing medullary cystic kidney disease type 1 lie in a large VNTR in MUC1 missed by massively parallel sequencing. Nat Genet. 2013;45:299–303.
    1. Ojodu J, Hulihan MM, Pope SN, et al. Incidence of sickle cell trait—United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63:1155–1158.
    1. Nagar R, Sinha S, Raman R. Haemoglobinopathies in eastern Indian states: a demographic evaluation. J Community Genet. 2015;6:1–8.
    1. Key NS, Derebail VK. Sickle-cell trait: novel clinical significance. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2010;2010:418–422.
    1. Gebreselassie S, Simmons MN, Montague DK. Genitourinary manifestations of sickle cell disease. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015;82:679–683.
    1. Reese PP, Hoo AC, Magee CC. Screening for sickle trait among potential live kidney donors: policies and practices in US transplant centers. Transpl Int. 2008;21:328–331.
    1. Thomas CP, Mansilla MA, Sompallae R, et al. Screening of living kidney donors for genetic diseases using a comprehensive genetic testing strategy. Am J Transplant. 2017;17:401–410.
    1. Department of Health and Human Services. APOL1 Long-term Kidney Transplantation Outcomes Network (APOLLO) Clinical Centers (Collaborative U01). . Accessed January 24, 2017.
    1. Department of Health and Human Services. APOL1 Long-term Kidney Transplantation Outcomes Network Scientific and Data Research Center (APOLLO SDRC) (Collaborative U01). . Accessed January 24, 2017.
    1. Vikse BE. Pre-eclampsia and the risk of kidney disease. Lancet. 2013;382:104–106.
    1. McDonald SD, Han Z, Walsh MW, et al. Kidney disease after preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:1026–1039.
    1. Vikse BE, Irgens LM, Leivestad T, et al. Preeclampsia and the risk of end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:800–809.
    1. Wang IK, Muo CH, Chang YC, et al. Association between hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and end-stage renal disease: a population-based study. CMAJ. 2013;185:207–213.
    1. Beharier O, Shoham-Vardi I, Pariente G, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for long-term maternal renal disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:1412–1416.
    1. The Royal College of Radiologists and the College of Radiographers. Protection of Pregnant Patients during Diagnostic Medical Exposures to Ionising Radiation Advice from the Health Protection Agency. Documents of the Health Protection Agency Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, 2009. . (Accessed on September 8 2015).
    1. Garg AX, Nevis IF, McArthur E, et al. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in living kidney donors. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:124–133.
    1. Reisaeter AV, Roislien J, Henriksen T, et al. Pregnancy and birth after kidney donation: the Norwegian experience. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:820–824.
    1. Ibrahim HN, Akkina SK, Leister E, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after kidney donation. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:825–834.
    1. Thangaratinam S, Rogozińska E, Jolly K, et al. Interventions to reduce or prevent obesity in pregnant women: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2012;16:iii–iv 1-191.
    1. Allen R, Rogozinska E, Sivarajasingam P, et al. Effect of diet- and lifestyle-based metabolic risk-modifying interventions on preeclampsia: a meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93:973–985.
    1. Rasmussen PE, Nielsen FR. Hydronephrosis during pregnancy: a literature survey. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1988;27:249–259.
    1. Garg AX, McArthur E, Lentine KL, et al. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in living kidney donors. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1469–1470.
    1. Duerinckx N, Timmerman L, Van Gogh J, et al. Predonation psychosocial evaluation of living kidney and liver donor candidates: a systematic literature review. Transpl Int. 2014;27:2–18.
    1. van Hardeveld E, Tong A. The CARI guidelines. Psychosocial care of living kidney donors. Nephrology (Carlton). 2010;15(Suppl 1):S80–S87.
    1. Henderson AJ, Landolt MA, McDonald MF, et al. The living anonymous kidney donor: lunatic or saint? Am J Transplant. 2003;3:203–213.
    1. Sharif A. Unspecified kidney donation—a review of principles, practice and potential. Transplantation. 2013;95:1425–1430.
    1. Tong A, Craig JC, Wong G, et al. “It was just an unconditional gift.” Self reflections of non-directed living kidney donors. Clin Transplant. 2012;26:589–599.
    1. Clemens K, Boudville N, Dew MA, et al. The long-term quality of life of living kidney donors: a multicenter cohort study. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:463–469.
    1. Lentine KL, Schnitzler MA, Xiao H, et al. Depression diagnoses after living kidney donation: linking U.S. Registry data and administrative claims. Transplantation. 2012;94:77–83.
    1. Gross CR, Messersmith EE, Hong BA, et al. Health-related quality of life in kidney donors from the last five decades: results from the RELIVE study. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:2924–2934.
    1. de Groot IB, Stiggelbout AM, van der Boog PJ, et al. Reduced quality of life in living kidney donors: association with fatigue, societal participation and pre-donation variables. Transpl Int. 2012;25:967–975.
    1. Dew MA, DiMartini AF, DeVito Dabbs AJ, et al. Preventive intervention for living donor psychosocial outcomes: feasibility and efficacy in a randomized controlled trial. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:2672–2684.
    1. Jowsey SG, Jacobs C, Gross CR, et al. Emotional well-being of living kidney donors: findings from the RELIVE Study. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:2535–2544.
    1. Messersmith EE, Gross CR, Beil CA, et al. Satisfaction with life among living kidney donors: a RELIVE study of long-term donor outcomes. Transplantation. 2014;98:1294–1300.
    1. Wirken L, van Middendorp H, Hooghof CW, et al. The course and predictors of health-related quality of life in living kidney donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:3041–3054.
    1. The Declaration of Istanbul on organ trafficking and transplant tourism. Transplantation 2008;86:1013–1018.
    1. Thys K, Schwering KL, Siebelink M, et al. Psychosocial impact of pediatric living-donor kidney and liver transplantation on recipients, donors, and the family: a systematic review. Transpl Int. 2015;28:270–280.
    1. Tong A, Chapman JR, Wong G, et al. The motivations and experiences of living kidney donors: a thematic synthesis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60:15–26.
    1. Jacobs CL, Gross CR, Messersmith EE, et al. Emotional and financial experiences of kidney donors over the past 50 Years: The RELIVE study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:2221–2231.
    1. Clemens KK, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Parikh CR, et al. Psychosocial health of living kidney donors: a systematic review. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:2965–2977.
    1. Clarke KS, Klarenbach S, Vlaicu S, et al. The direct and indirect economic costs incurred by living kidney donors—a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:1952–1960.
    1. Rodrigue JR, Schold JD, Morrissey P, et al. Direct and indirect costs following living kidney donation: findings from the KDOC study. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:869–876.
    1. Klarenbach S, Gill JS, Knoll G, et al. Economic consequences incurred by living kidney donors: a Canadian multi-center prospective study. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:916–922.
    1. Rodrigue JR, Schold JD, Morrissey P, et al. Predonation direct and indirect costs incurred by adults who donated a kidney: findings from the KDOC study. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:2387–2393.
    1. Delmonico FL, Martin D, Dominguez-Gil B, et al. Living and deceased organ donation should be financially neutral acts. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:1187–1191.
    1. Sickand M, Cuerden MS, Klarenbach SW, et al. Reimbursing live organ donors for incurred non-medical expenses: a global perspective on policies and programs. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:2825–2836.
    1. Tushla L, Rudow DL, Milton J, et al. Living-donor kidney transplantation: reducing financial barriers to live kidney donation-recommendations from a Consensus Conference. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1696–1702.
    1. Lacetera N, Macis M, Stith SS. Removing financial barriers to organ and bone marrow donation: the effect of leave and tax legislation in the U.S. J Health Econ. 2014;33:43–56.
    1. Boyarsky BJ, Massie AB, Alejo JL, et al. Experiences obtaining insurance after live kidney donation. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:2168–2172.
    1. Yang RC, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Klarenbach S, et al. Insurability of living organ donors: a systematic review. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:1542–1551.
    1. Yang RC, Young A, Nevis IF, et al. Life insurance for living kidney donors: a Canadian undercover investigation. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:1585–1590.
    1. Mittelman M, Thiessen C, Chon WJ, et al. Miscommunicating NOTA can be costly to living donors. Am J Transplant. 2017;17:578–580.
    1. American Society of Transplantation (AST). Live Donor Financial Toolkit. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Frade IC, Fonseca I, Dias L, et al. Impact assessment in living kidney donation: psychosocial aspects in the donor. Transplant Proc. 2008;40:677–681.
    1. Giessing M, Reuter S, Schönberger B, et al. Quality of life of living kidney donors in Germany: a survey with the Validated Short Form-36 and Giessen Subjective Complaints List-24 questionnaires. Transplantation. 2004;78:864–872.
    1. Haljamae U, Nyberg G, Sjostrom B. Remaining experiences of living kidney donors more than 3 yr after early recipient graft loss. Clin Transplant. 2003;17:503–510.
    1. Johnson EM, Anderson JK, Jacobs C, et al. Long-term follow-up of living kidney donors: quality of life after donation. Transplantation. 1999;67:717–721.
    1. Weizer N, Weizman A, Shapira Z, et al. Suicide by related kidney donors following the recipients' death. Psychother Psychosom. 1989;51:216–219.
    1. Manyalich M, Ricart A, Martinez I, et al. EULID project: European living donation and public health. Transplant Proc. 2009;41:2021–2024.
    1. Thiel GT, Nolte C, Tsinalis D. Prospective Swiss cohort study of living-kidney donors: study protocol. BMJ Open. 2011;1:e000202.
    1. Iacoviello BM, Shenoy A, Braoude J, et al. The live donor assessment tool: a psychosocial assessment tool for live organ donors. Psychosomatics. 2015;56:254–261.
    1. Ismail SY, Duerinckx N, van der Knoop MM, et al. Toward a conceptualization of the content of psychosocial screening in living organ donors: an ethical legal psychological aspects of transplantation consensus. Transplantation. 2015;99:2413–2421.
    1. Fonouni H, Mehrabi A, Golriz M, et al. Comparison of the laparoscopic versus open live donor nephrectomy: an overview of surgical complications and outcome. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2014;399:543–551.
    1. Liu N, Wazir R, Wang J, et al. Maximizing the donor pool: left versus right laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy—systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46:1511–1519.
    1. Wilson CH, Sanni A, Rix DA, et al. Laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011:CD006124.
    1. Yuan H, Liu L, Zheng S, et al. The safety and efficacy of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy for renal transplantation: an updated meta-analysis. Transplant Proc. 2013;45:65–76.
    1. Tanaka M, Ono Y, Matsuda T, et al. Guidelines for urological laparoscopic surgery. Int J Urol. 2009;16:115–125.
    1. Gibbons N, Nicol D, CARI. The CARI guidelines. Surgical techniques in living donor nephrectomy. Nephrology (Carlton). 2010;15(Suppl 1):S88–S95.
    1. Dols LF, Kok NF, d'Ancona FC, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic versus standard laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Transplantation. 2014;97:161–167.
    1. Cohen AJ, Williams DS, Bohorquez H, et al. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: decreasing length of stay. Ochsner J. 2015;15:19–24.
    1. Laplace B, Ladriere M, Claudon M, et al. Robotic assisted laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy: preoperative assessment and results of 100 cases. Prog Urol. 2014;24:288–293.
    1. Tzvetanov I, Bejarano-Pineda L, Giulianotti PC, et al. State of the art of robotic surgery in organ transplantation. World J Surg. 2013;37:2791–2799.
    1. Kaouk JH, Khalifeh A, Laydner H, et al. Transvaginal hybrid natural orifice transluminal surgery robotic donor nephrectomy: first clinical application. Urology. 2012;80:1171–1175.
    1. Alcaraz A, Musquera M, Peri L, et al. Feasibility of transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery-assisted living donor nephrectomy: is kidney vaginal delivery the approach of the future? Eur Urol. 2011;59:1019–1025.
    1. Kortram K, Ijzermans JN, Dor FJ. Perioperative events and complications in minimally invasive live donor nephrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplantation. 2016;100:2264–2275.
    1. Gupta A, Ahmed K, Kynaston HG, et al. Laparoendoscopic single-site donor nephrectomy (LESS-DN) versus standard laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016:CD010850.
    1. Khalil A, Mujtaba MA, Taber TE, et al. Trends and outcomes in right vs. left living donor nephrectomy: an analysis of the OPTN/UNOS database of donor and recipient outcomes—should we be doing more right-sided nephrectomies? Clin Transplant. 2016;30:145–153.
    1. Dols LF, Kok NF, Alwayn IP, et al. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: a plea for the right-sided approach. Transplantation. 2009;87:745–750.
    1. Klop KW, Kok NF, Dols LF, et al. Can right-sided hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy be advocated above standard laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: a randomized pilot study. Transpl Int. 2014;27:162–169.
    1. Apisarnthanarak P, Suvannarerg V, Muangsomboon K, et al. Renal vascular variants in living related renal donors: evaluation with CT angiography. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95:941–948.
    1. Roza AM, Perloff LJ, Naji A, et al. Living-related donors with bilateral multiple renal arteries. A twenty-year experience. Transplantation. 1989;47:397–399.
    1. Flechner SM, Sandler CM, Houston GK, et al. 100 living-related kidney donor evaluations using digital subtraction angiography. Transplantation. 1985;40:675–678.
    1. Ahmadi AR, Lafranca JA, Claessens LA, et al. Shifting paradigms in eligibility criteria for live kidney donation: a systematic review. Kidney Int. 2015;87:31–45.
    1. Friedman AL, Peters TG, Ratner LE. Regulatory failure contributing to deaths of live kidney donors. Am J Transplant. 2012;12:829–834.
    1. Friedman AL, Peters TG, Jones KW, et al. Fatal and nonfatal hemorrhagic complications of living kidney donation. Ann Surg. 2006;243:126–130.
    1. Janki S, Verver D, Klop KW, et al. Vascular management during live donor nephrectomy: an online survey among transplant surgeons. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:1701–1707.
    1. Serrano OK, Bangdiwala AS, Vock DM, et al. Defining the tipping point in surgical performance for laparoscopic donor nephrectomy among transplant surgery fellows: a risk-adjusted cumulative summation learning curve analysis. Am J Transplant. 2017;17:1868–1878.
    1. European Union. Toolbox Living Kidney Donation. Developed by experts of the working group on living donation nominated by their National Competent Authorities (CAs) established by Directive 2010/53/EU)]. 2014. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Lopp L. Regulations Regarding Living Organ Donation in Europe. Possibilities of Harmonisation. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2013.
    1. Lennerling A, Lovén C, Dor FJ, et al. Living organ donation practices in Europe—results from an online survey. Transpl Int. 2013;26:145–153.
    1. Thys K, Van Assche K, Nobile H, et al. Could minors be living kidney donors? A systematic review of guidelines, position papers and reports. Transpl Int. 2013;26:949–960.
    1. Van Assche K, Genicot G, Sterckx S. Living organ procurement from the mentally incompetent: the need for more appropriate guidelines. Bioethics. 2014;28:101–109.
    1. Veatch R. Transplantation Ethics. Chapter 12: Live Donor Transplant. Georgetown University Press; 2000.
    1. Tenenbaum EM. Bartering for a compatible kidney using your incompatible, live kidney donor: legal and ethical issues related to kidney chains. Am J Law Med. 2016;42:129–169.
    1. Tong A, Ralph A, Chapman JR, et al. Public attitudes and beliefs about living kidney donation: focus group study. Transplantation. 2014;97:977–985.
    1. Young A, Karpinski M, Treleaven D, et al. Differences in tolerance for health risk to the living donor among potential donors, recipients, and transplant professionals. Kidney Int. 2008;73:1159–1166.
    1. Rodrigue JR, Cornell DL, Kaplan B, et al. Patients' willingness to talk to others about living kidney donation. Prog Transplant. 2008;18:25–31.
    1. Waterman AD, Morgievich M, Cohen DJ, et al. Living donor kidney transplantation: Improving education outside of transplant centers about live donor transplantation—recommendations from a consensus conference. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1659–1669.
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing): OPTN 2015 Strategic Plan. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Taylor M. White House gets major commitments on organ transplants, donations. June 13, 2016. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Garonzik-Wang JM, Berger JC, Ros RL, et al. Live donor champion: finding live kidney donors by separating the advocate from the patient. Transplantation. 2012;93:1147–1150.
    1. Rodrigue JR, Pavlakis M, Egbuna O, et al. The “House Calls” trial: a randomized controlled trial to reduce racial disparities in live donor kidney transplantation: rationale and design. Contemp Clin Trials. 2012;33:811–818.
    1. Rodrigue JR, Cornell DL, Lin JK, et al. Increasing live donor kidney transplantation: a randomized controlled trial of a home-based educational intervention. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:394–401.
    1. Ismail SY, Luchtenburg AE, Timman R, et al. Home-based family intervention increases knowledge, communication and living donation rates: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:1862–1869.
    1. Waterman AD, Robbins ML, Peipert JD. Educating prospective kidney transplant recipients and living donors about living donation: practical and theoretical recommendations for increasing living donation rates. Curr Transplant Rep. 2016;3:1–9.
    1. Kumar K, King EA, Muzaale AD, et al. A smartphone app for increasing live organ donation. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:3548–3553.
    1. Erickson J, Barbero R, Brewster M. A call to action to help reduce the waiting list for organ transplants. 2016. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Allen MB, Reese PP. The ethics of promoting living kidney donation using nonargumentative influence: applications, concerns, and future directions. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:3378–3384.
    1. Wright L, Faith K, Richardson R, et al. Ethical guidelines for the evaluation of living organ donors. Can J Surg. 2004;47:408–413.
    1. Frunza M, Van Assche K, Lennerling A, et al. Dealing With public solicitation of organs from living donors—an ELPAT view. Transplantation. 2015;99:2210–2214.
    1. Wright L. Ethical controversies in public solicitations for organs. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2008;22:184–186.
    1. Neidich EM, Neidich AB, Cooper JT, et al. The ethical complexities of online organ solicitation via donor-patient websites: avoiding the “beauty contest.” Am J Transplant. 2012;12:43–47.
    1. International Summit on Transplant Tourism and Organ Trafficking. The Declaration of Istanbul on organ trafficking and transplant tourism. Kidney Int 2008;74:854–859.
    1. Andrews PA, Burnapp L, Manas D, et al. Summary of the British Transplantation Society/Renal Association U.K. guidelines for living donor kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2012;93:666–673.
    1. Hays R, Rodrigue JR, Cohen D, et al. Financial neutrality for living organ donors: reasoning, rationale, definitions, and implementation strategies. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:1973–1981.
    1. NOTA. National Organ Transplant Act. 42 U.S.C. § 273 §274. 1984. . Accessed January 24, 2017.
    1. LaPointe Rudow D, Cohen D. Practical approaches to mitigating economic barriers to living kidney donation for patients and programs. Curr Transpl Rep. 2017;4:24–31.
    1. Radio New Zealand. New law gives financial assistance to organ donors. . (Accessed on Jan 14, 2017).
    1. American Society of Transplant Surgeons. Lost Wages Reimbursement for Living Organ Donors Trial Announced. . (Accessed January 14, 2017).
    1. Gaston RS, Danovitch GM, Epstein RA, et al. Limiting financial disincentives in live organ donation: a rational solution to the kidney shortage. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:2548–2555.
    1. Joshi S, Kupin W. Reciprocating living kidney donor generosity: tax credits, health insurance and an outcomes registry. Clin Kidney J. 2016;9:168–171.
    1. Congressional Research Service. Summaries for the Living Donor Protection Act of 2016. Available at: . (Accessed: September 7, 2016).
    1. Gill JS, Delmonico F, Klarenbach S, et al. Providing coverage for the unique lifelong health care needs of living kidney donors within the framework of financial neutrality. Am J Transplant. 2017;17:1176–1181.
    1. Fisher JS, Butt Z, Friedewald J, et al. Between Scylla and Charybdis: charting an ethical course for research into financial incentives for living kidney donation. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:1180–1186.
    1. Matas AJ. The rationale for incentives for living donors: an international perspective? Curr Transpl Rep. 2015;2:44–51.
    1. Wright L, Anstey A. Contact Between Living Anonymous Donors and Recipients: Ethical Issues. Ethical, Legal and Psychological Aspects of Transplantation. Global Issues, Local Solutions. (Weimar W, Bos MA, van Busschbach JJ: eds.). Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Publishers; 2014.
    1. OPTN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network)/UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing). OPTN Policies, Policy 8: Allocation of Kidneys. Available at: . (Accessed: June 28, 2017).
    1. Muzaale AD, Massie AB, Kucirka LM, et al. Outcomes of live kidney donors who develop end-stage renal disease. Transplantation. 2016;100:1306–1312.
    1. Potluri V, Harhay MN, Wilson FP, et al. Kidney transplant outcomes for prior living organ donors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:1188–1194.
    1. Stewart DE, Kucheryavaya AY, Klassen DK, et al. Changes in deceased donor kidney transplantation one year after KAS implementation. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:1834–1847.
    1. Wainright JL, Klassen DK, Kucheryavaya AY, et al. Delays in prior living kidney donors receiving priority on the transplant waiting list. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11:2047–2052.
    1. Lavee J, Ashkenazi T, Gurman G, et al. A new law for allocation of donor organs in Israel. Lancet. 2010;375:1131–1133.
    1. Lavee J, Ashkenazi T, Stoler A, et al. Preliminary marked increase in the national organ donation rate in Israel following implementation of a new organ transplantation law. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:780–785.
    1. Tumin M, Rasiah R, Noh A, et al. Living kidney donation: the importance of public education. Clin Transplant. 2014;28:423–427.
    1. Salomon DR, Langnas AN, Reed AI, et al. AST/ASTS workshop on increasing organ donation in the United States: creating an “arc of change” from removing disincentives to testing incentives. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:1173–1179.
    1. Tong A, Chapman JR, Wong G, et al. Perspectives of transplant physicians and surgeons on reimbursement, compensation, and incentives for living kidney donors. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:622–632.
    1. Mandelbrot DA, Pavlakis M, Karp SJ, et al. Practices and barriers in long-term living kidney donor follow-up: a survey of U.S. transplant centers. Transplantation. 2009;88:855–860.
    1. Leichtman A, Abecassis M, Barr M, et al. Living kidney donor follow-up: state-of-the-art and future directions, conference summary and recommendations. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:2561–2568.
    1. Van Assche K, Sterckx S, Lennerling A, et al. The relevance of Directive 2010/53/EU for living organ donation practice: an ELPAT view. Transplantation. 2015;99:2215–2222.
    1. OPTN/UNOS Living Donor Committee. Procedures to collect post-donation follow-up data from living donors. Available at: . (Accessed: Septebmer 7, 2015).
    1. Litwin MS. Editorial comment: the psychosocial impact of donating a kidney. J Urol. 1997;157:1600–1601.
    1. Manyalich M, Menjivar A, Yucetin L, et al. Living donor psychosocial assessment/follow-up practices in the partners' countries of the ELIPSY project. Transplant Proc. 2012;44:2246–2249.
    1. Weng FL, Reese PP, Waterman AD, et al. Health care follow-up by live kidney donors more than three yr post-nephrectomy. Clin Transplant. 2012;26:E300–E306.
    1. Reith P. Adapting the selective periodic health exam to a college-aged population. Joint American Preventive Services Task Force. Canadian Task Force on Health Care Screening. J Am Coll Health. 1989;38:109–113.
    1. Schold JD, Buccini LD, Rodrigue JR, et al. Critical factors associated with missing follow-up data for living kidney donors in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:2394–2403.
    1. Ommen ES, LaPointe Rudow D, Medapalli RK, et al. When good intentions are not enough: obtaining follow-up data in living kidney donors. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:2575–2581.
    1. Davis CL. Living kidney donor follow-up: state-of-the-art and future directions. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012;19:207–211.
    1. Casagrande LH, Collins S, Warren AT, et al. Lack of health insurance in living kidney donors. Clin Transplant. 2012;26:E101–E104.
    1. Rodrigue JR, Fleishman A. Health insurance trends in United States living kidney donors (2004 to 2015). Am J Transplant. 2016;16:3504–3511.
    1. Wainright J, McBride M, Dew MA, et al. Follow-up reporting for living kidney donors. Abstr 195. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:90.
    1. Keshvani N, Feurer ID, Rumbaugh E, et al. Evaluating the Impact of performance improvement initiatives on transplant center reporting compliance and patient follow-up after living kidney donation. Am J Transplant. 2015;15:2126–2135.
    1. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. The Living Donor Collective: SRTR to Launch a Pilot Project to Create a Registry of Living Donors. . (Accessed June 28, 2017).
    1. Lentine KL, Segev DL. Better understanding live donor risk through big data. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1645–1647.
    1. Kulkarni S, Thiessen C, Formica RN, et al. The long-term follow-up and support for living organ donors: A center-based initiative founded on developing a community of living donors. Am J Transplant. 2016;16:3385-3391.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores y Colaboradores

Condiciones médicas

Intervenciones de drogas

3
Suscribir