Changes in the Homeostatic Appetite System After Weight Loss Reflect a Normalization Toward a Lower Body Weight

Julia Nicole DeBenedictis, Siren Nymo, Karoline Haagensli Ollestad, Guro Akersveen Boyesen, Jens Frederik Rehfeld, Jens Juul Holst, Helen Truby, Bard Kulseng, Catia Martins, Julia Nicole DeBenedictis, Siren Nymo, Karoline Haagensli Ollestad, Guro Akersveen Boyesen, Jens Frederik Rehfeld, Jens Juul Holst, Helen Truby, Bard Kulseng, Catia Martins

Abstract

Objective: To compare appetite markers in reduced-obese individuals with a nonobese control group.

Methods: A total of 34 adults with obesity who lost 17% body weight at week 13 and maintained this weight loss (WL) at 1 year were compared with 33 nonobese controls matched for body composition. Basal and postprandial subjective appetite ratings and appetite-related hormone concentrations (ghrelin, total peptide YY, peptide YY3-36, total and active glucagon-like peptide 1, and cholecystokinin) were measured in all participants and repeated at week 13 and 1 year in the weight-reduced group.

Results: WL led to a reduction in prospective food consumption and an increase in feelings of hunger, fullness, and ghrelin secretion (basal and postprandial), but these new ratings were no different from those seen in controls. Postprandial concentrations of active glucagon-like peptide 1, total peptide YY, and cholecystokinin were lower in individuals with obesity at all time points compared with controls.

Conclusion: The increased drive to eat (both subjective feelings of hunger and ghrelin concentrations) seen in reduced-obese individuals, both after acute and sustained WL, reflects a normalization toward a lower body weight. Overall, WL does not have a sustained negative impact on satiety peptide secretion, despite a blunted secretion in individuals with obesity compared with nonobese controls.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01834859.

Keywords: compensation; ghrelin; hunger; normalization; weight loss.

© Endocrine Society 2020.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
(A) Positive incremental AUC and (B) profiles over time for subjective feelings of appetite in the WL group at baseline (ObB), after 17% WL (week 13 and 1 year) and nonobese controls. AUC, area under the curve; PFC, prospective food consumption; WL, weight loss. Asterisks denote significant differences between groups: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
(A) Positive incremental AUC and (B) profiles over time for plasma concentrations of appetite-related hormones in the WL group at baseline (ObB), after 17% WL (week 13 and 1 year) and nonobese controls. AG, acylated ghrelin; AUC, area under the curve; CCK, cholecystokinin; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; PYY, peptide YY. Asterisks denote significant differences between groups *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

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