Arteriovenous Access Failure, Stenosis, and Thrombosis

Jennifer M MacRae, Christine Dipchand, Matthew Oliver, Louise Moist, Charmaine Lok, Edward Clark, Swapnil Hiremath, Joanne Kappel, Mercedeh Kiaii, Rick Luscombe, Lisa M Miller, Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group, Jennifer M MacRae, Christine Dipchand, Matthew Oliver, Louise Moist, Charmaine Lok, Edward Clark, Swapnil Hiremath, Joanne Kappel, Mercedeh Kiaii, Rick Luscombe, Lisa M Miller, Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group

Abstract

Vascular access-related complications can lead to patient morbidity and reduced patient quality of life. Some of the common arteriovenous access complications include failure to mature, stenosis formation, and thrombosis.

Keywords: access monitoring; access surveillance; access thrombosis; angioplasty; peripheral stenosis; primary failure; primary patency; secondary patency.

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

References

    1. Lee T, Mokrzycki M, Moist L, et al. Standardized definitions for hemodialysis vascular access. Semin Dial. 2011;24(5):515-524.
    1. Sidawy AN, Gray R, Besarab A, et al. Recommended standards for reports dealing with arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35(3):603-610.
    1. Ravani P, Gillespie BW, Quinn RR, et al. Temporal risk profile for infectious and noninfectious complications of hemodialysis access. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(10):1668-1677.
    1. Dember LM, Imrey PB, Beck GJ, et al. Objectives and design of the hemodialysis fistula maturation study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63(1):104-112.
    1. Dember LM, Beck GJ, Allon M, et al. Effect of clopidogrel on early failure of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(18):2164-2171.
    1. Al-Jaishi AA, Oliver MJ, Thomas SM, et al. Patency rates of the arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63(3):464-478.
    1. Palmer SC, Di Micco L, Razavian M, et al. Antiplatelet therapy to prevent hemodialysis vascular access failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;61(1):112-122.
    1. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Pengloan J, Baudin S, et al. Treatment of stenosis and thrombosis in haemodialysis fistulas and grafts by interventional radiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15(12):2029-2036.
    1. Lok CE, Allon M, Moist L, Oliver MJ, Shah H, Zimmerman D. Risk equation determining unsuccessful cannulation events and failure to maturation in arteriovenous fistulas (REDUCE FTM I). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(11):3204-3212.
    1. Lilly MP, Lynch JR, Wish JB, et al. Prevalence of arteriovenous fistulas in incident hemodialysis patients: correlation with patient factors that may be associated with maturation failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(4):541-549.
    1. Saran R, Elder SJ, Goodkin DA, et al. Enhanced training in vascular access creation predicts arteriovenous fistula placement and patency in hemodialysis patients: results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Ann Surg. 2008;247(5):885-891.
    1. Sahin L, Gul R, Mizrak A, et al. Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block enhances postoperative blood flow in arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(3):749-753.
    1. Ene-Iordache B, Cattaneo L, Dubini G, Remuzzi A. Effect of anastomosis angle on the localization of disturbed flow in “side-to-end” fistulae for haemodialysis access. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(4):997-1005.
    1. MacRae JM, Oliver M, Clark E, et al. ; on behalf of the Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group. Arteriovenous vascular access selection and evaluation. Can J Kidney Health Dis. In press.
    1. McLafferty RB, Pryor RW, III, Johnson CM, Ramsey DE, Hodgson KJ. Outcome of a comprehensive follow-up program to enhance maturation of autogenous arteriovenous hemodialysis access. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(5):981-985.
    1. Leaf DA, MacRae HS, Grant E, Kraut J. Isometric exercise increases the size of forearm veins in patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Med Sci. 2003;325(3):115-119.
    1. Kumar S, Seward J, Wilcox A, Torella F. Influence of muscle training on resting blood flow and forearm vessel diameter in patients with chronic renal failure. Br J Surg. 2010;97(6):835-838.
    1. Bashar K, Healy D, Browne LD, et al. Role of far infra-red therapy in dialysis arterio-venous fistula maturation and survival: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104931.
    1. Allon M, Robbin ML, Young CJ, et al. Preoperative venous intimal hyperplasia, postoperative arteriovenous fistula stenosis, and clinical fistula outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(10):1750-1755.
    1. Beathard GA, Arnold P, Jackson J, Litchfield T; Physician Operators Forum of RMSL. Aggressive treatment of early fistula failure. Kidney Int. 2003;64(4):1487-1494.
    1. Riella MC, Roy-Chaudhury P. Vascular access in haemodialysis: strengthening the Achilles’ heel. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013;9(6):348-357.
    1. Allemang MT, Schmotzer B, Wong VL, et al. Arteriovenous grafts have higher secondary patency in the short term compared with autologous fistulae. Am J Surg. 2014;208(5):800-805.
    1. Disbrow DE, Cull DL, Carsten CG, III, Yang SK, Johnson BL, Keahey GP. Comparison of arteriovenous fistulas and arteriovenous grafts in patients with favorable vascular anatomy and equivalent access to health care: is a reappraisal of the Fistula First Initiative indicated? J Am Coll Surg. 2013;216(4):679-685; discussion 685-676.
    1. Lok CE, Sontrop JM, Tomlinson G, et al. Cumulative patency of contemporary fistulas versus grafts (2000-2010). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(5):810-818.
    1. Swindlehurst N, Swindlehurst A, Lumgair H, et al. Vascular access for hemodialysis in the elderly. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53(4):1039-1043.
    1. Schild AF, Perez E, Gillaspie E, Seaver C, Livingstone J, Thibonnier A. Arteriovenous fistulae vs. arteriovenous grafts: a retrospective review of 1,700 consecutive vascular access cases. J Vasc Access. 2008;9(4):231-235.
    1. Snyder DC, Clericuzio CP, Stringer A, May W. Comparison of outcomes of arteriovenous grafts and fistulas at a single veterans’ affairs medical center. Am J Surg. 2008;196(5):641-646.
    1. Kakkos SK, Andrzejewski T, Haddad JA, et al. Equivalent secondary patency rates of upper extremity Vectra Vascular Access Grafts and transposed brachial-basilic fistulas with aggressive access surveillance and endovascular treatment. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47(2):407-414.
    1. Keuter XH, De Smet AA, Kessels AG, van der Sande FM, Welten RJ, Tordoir JH. A randomized multicenter study of the outcome of brachial-basilic arteriovenous fistula and prosthetic brachial-antecubital forearm loop as vascular access for hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47(2):395-401.
    1. Weale AR, Bevis P, Neary WD, Lear PA, Mitchell DC. A comparison between transposed brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistulas and prosthetic brachioaxillary access grafts for vascular access for hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(5):997-1004.
    1. Lee T, Barker J, Allon M. Comparison of survival of upper arm arteriovenous fistulas and grafts after failed forearm fistula. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(6):1936-1941.
    1. Rooijens PP, Burgmans JP, Yo TI, et al. Autogenous radial-cephalic or prosthetic brachial-antecubital forearm loop AVF in patients with compromised vessels? a randomized, multicenter study of the patency of primary hemodialysis access. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42(3):481-486; discussion 487.
    1. Tordoir JH, Hofstra L, Leunissen KM, Kitslaar PJ. Early experience with stretch polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for haemodialysis access surgery: results of a prospective randomised study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1995;9(3):305-309.
    1. Bacchini G, Del Vecchio L, Andrulli S, Pontoriero G, Locatelli F. Survival of prosthetic grafts of different materials after impairment of a native arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. ASAIO J. 2001;47(1):30-33.
    1. Akoh JA. Prosthetic arteriovenous grafts for hemodialysis. J Vasc Access. 2009;10(3):137-147.
    1. Swedberg SH, Brown BG, Sigley R, Wight TN, Gordon D, Nicholls SC. Intimal fibromuscular hyperplasia at the venous anastomosis of PTFE grafts in hemodialysis patients. Clinical, immunocytochemical, light and electron microscopic assessment. Circulation. 1989;80(6):1726-1736.
    1. Rekhter M, Nicholls S, Ferguson M, Gordon D. Cell proliferation in human arteriovenous fistulas used for hemodialysis. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13(4):609-617.
    1. Roy-Chaudhury P, Spergel LM, Besarab A, Asif A, Ravani P. Biology of arteriovenous fistula failure. J Nephrol. 2007;20(2):150-163.
    1. Sterpetti AV, Cucina A, Santoro L, Cardillo B, Cavallaro A. Modulation of arterial smooth muscle cell growth by haemodynamic forces. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1992;6(1):16-20.
    1. Hsieh HJ, Li NQ, Frangos JA. Shear stress increases endothelial platelet-derived growth factor mRNA levels. Am J Physiol. 1991;260(2, pt 2):H642-H646.
    1. Chang CJ, Ko PJ, Hsu LA, et al. Highly increased cell proliferation activity in the restenotic hemodialysis vascular access after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: implication in prevention of restenosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(1):74-84.
    1. Maya ID, Oser R, Saddekni S, Barker J, Allon M. Vascular access stenosis: comparison of arteriovenous grafts and fistulas. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44(5):859-865.
    1. Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Melilli E, et al. In search of an optimal bedside screening program for arteriovenous fistula stenosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(4):819-826.
    1. Beathard GA, Marston WA. Endovascular management of thrombosed dialysis access grafts. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32(1):172-175.
    1. Moist LM, Churchill DN, House AA, et al. Regular monitoring of access flow compared with monitoring of venous pressure fails to improve graft survival. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(10):2645-2653.
    1. Ram SJ, Work J, Caldito GC, Eason JM, Pervez A, Paulson WD. A randomized controlled trial of blood flow and stenosis surveillance of hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int. 2003;64(1):272-280.
    1. Beathard GA, Litchfield T; Physician Operators Forum of Rms Lifeline I. Effectiveness and safety of dialysis vascular access procedures performed by interventional nephrologists. Kidney Int. 2004;66(4):1622-1632.
    1. Trerotola SO, Stavropoulos SW, Shlansky-Goldberg R, Tuite CM, Kobrin S, Rudnick MR. Hemodialysis-related venous stenosis: treatment with ultrahigh-pressure angioplasty balloons. Radiology. 2004;231(1):259-262.
    1. Vesely TM, Siegel JB. Use of the peripheral cutting balloon to treat hemodialysis-related stenoses. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(12):1593-1603.
    1. Kariya S, Tanigawa N, Kojima H, et al. Primary patency with cutting and conventional balloon angioplasty for different types of hemodialysis access stenosis. Radiology. 2007;243(2):578-587.
    1. Katsanos K, Karnabatidis D, Kitrou P, Spiliopoulos S, Christeas N, Siablis D. Paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty vs. plain balloon dilation for the treatment of failing dialysis access: 6-month interim results from a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Endovasc Ther. 2012;19(2):263-272.
    1. Karunanithy N, Mesa IR, Dorling A, et al. Paclitaxel-coated balloon fistuloplasty versus plain balloon fistuloplasty only to preserve the patency of arteriovenous fistulae used for haemodialysis (PAVE): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17(1):241.
    1. Kakisis JD, Avgerinos E, Giannakopoulos T, Moulakakis K, Papapetrou A, Liapis CD. Balloon angioplasty vs nitinol stent placement in the treatment of venous anastomotic stenoses of hemodialysis grafts after surgical thrombectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55(2):472-478.
    1. Chan MR, Bedi S, Sanchez RJ, et al. Stent placement versus angioplasty improves patency of arteriovenous grafts and blood flow of arteriovenous fistulae. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(3):699-705.
    1. Fu N, Joachim E, Yevzlin AS, Shin JI, Astor BC, Chan MR. A meta-analysis of stent placement vs. angioplasty for dialysis vascular access stenosis. Semin Dial. 2015;28(3):311-317.
    1. Calsina L, Clara A, Collado S, Barbosa F, Martinez R, Mateos E. Treatment of arteriovenous haemodialysis graft thrombosis associated to venous anastomotic stenosis by surgical thrombectomy, covered stenting and high-pressure angioplasty. Nefrologia. 2013;33(4):564-570.
    1. Tessitore N, Mansueto G, Lipari G, et al. Endovascular versus surgical preemptive repair of forearm arteriovenous fistula juxta-anastomotic stenosis: analysis of data collected prospectively from 1999 to 2004. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(3):448-454.
    1. Shah A, Ansari N, Hamadeh Z. Cardiac arrest secondary to bilateral pulmonary emboli following arteriovenous fistula thrombectomy: a case report with review of the literature. Case Rep Nephrol. 2012;2012:831726.
    1. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, et al. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(9):584-590.
    1. Salmela B, Hartman J, Peltonen S, Alback A, Lassila R. Thrombophilia and arteriovenous fistula survival in ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(6):962-968.
    1. Lee T, Barker J, Allon M. Needle infiltration of arteriovenous fistulae in hemodialysis: risk factors and consequences. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(6):1020-1026.
    1. Lipari G, Tessitore N, Poli A, et al. Outcomes of surgical revision of stenosed and thrombosed forearm arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(9):2605-2612.
    1. Ponikvar R. Surgical salvage of thrombosed native arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis by interventional nephrologists. Ther Apher Dial. 2009;13(4):340-344.
    1. Ponikvar R, Premru V, Kersnic B. Surgical thrombectomy of thrombosed arteriovenous grafts by interventional nephrologists. Ther Apher Dial. 2011;15(3):306-310.
    1. Schon D, Mishler R. Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis of natural vein fistulas: reduced dose of TPA and long-term follow-up. Semin Dial. 2003;16(3):272-275.
    1. Kakkos SK, Haddad GK, Haddad JA, Scully MM. Secondary patency of thrombosed prosthetic vascular access grafts with aggressive surveillance, monitoring and endovascular management. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;36(3):356-365.
    1. Paulson WD, Moist L, Lok CE. Vascular access surveillance: an ongoing controversy. Kidney Int. 2012;81(2):132-142.
    1. Schuman E, Ronfeld A, Barclay C, Heinl P. Comparison of clinical assessment with ultrasound flow for hemodialysis access surveillance. Arch Surg. 2007;142(12):1129-1133.
    1. Leon C, Orozco-Vargas LC, Krishnamurthy G, et al. Accuracy of physical examination in the detection of arteriovenous graft stenosis. Semin Dial. 2008;21(1):85-88.
    1. Asif A, Leon C, Orozco-Vargas LC, et al. Accuracy of physical examination in the detection of arteriovenous fistula stenosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(6):1191-1194.
    1. Leon C, Asif A. Physical examination of arteriovenous fistulae by a renal fellow: does it compare favorably to an experienced interventionalist? Semin Dial. 2008;21(6):557-560.
    1. Scaffaro LA, Bettio JA, Cavazzola SA, et al. Maintenance of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas by an interventional strategy: clinical and duplex ultrasonographic surveillance followed by transluminal angioplasty. J Ultrasound Med. 2009;28(9):1159-1165.
    1. Sands JJ, Ferrell LM, Perry MA. Systemic barriers to improving vascular access outcomes. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 2002;9(2):109-115.
    1. Vardza Raju A, Kyin May K, Htet Zaw M, et al. Reliability of ultrasound duplex for detection of hemodynamically significant stenosis in hemodialysis access. Ann Vasc Dis. 2013;6(1):57-61.
    1. Ram SJ, Nassar R, Work J, Abreo K, Dossabhoy NR, Paulson WD. Risk of hemodialysis graft thrombosis: analysis of monthly flow surveillance. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(5):930-938.
    1. Paulson WD, Ram SJ, Birk CG, Work J. Does blood flow accurately predict thrombosis or failure of hemodialysis synthetic grafts? a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;34(3):478-485.
    1. McDougal G, Agarwal R. Clinical performance characteristics of hemodialysis graft monitoring. Kidney Int. 2001;60(2):762-766.
    1. Dember LM, Holmberg EF, Kaufman JS. Randomized controlled trial of prophylactic repair of hemodialysis arteriovenous graft stenosis. Kidney Int. 2004;66(1):390-398.
    1. Tonelli M, James M, Wiebe N, Jindal K, Hemmelgarn B; Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Ultrasound monitoring to detect access stenosis in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(4):630-640.
    1. Ravani P, Quinn RR, Oliver MJ, et al. Preemptive correction of arteriovenous access stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;67(3):446-460.
    1. Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Poli A, et al. Should current criteria for detecting and repairing arteriovenous fistula stenosis be reconsidered? interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(1):179-187.
    1. Tessitore N, Lipari G, Poli A, et al. Can blood flow surveillance and pre-emptive repair of subclinical stenosis prolong the useful life of arteriovenous fistulae? a randomized controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(9):2325-2333.
    1. Tessitore N, Mansueto G, Bedogna V, et al. A prospective controlled trial on effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on functioning arteriovenous fistulae survival. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(6):1623-1627.
    1. Vascular Access Work Group. Clinical practice guidelines for vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48(suppl 1):S176-247.
    1. Paulson WD, Work J. Controversial vascular access surveillance mandate. Semin Dial. 2010;23(1):92-94.
    1. Paulson WD, White JJ. Should arteriovenous fistulas and synthetic grafts undergo surveillance with pre-emptive correction of stenosis? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2008;4(9):480-481.
    1. Allon M, Robbin ML. Hemodialysis vascular access monitoring: current concepts. Hemodial Int. 2009;13(2):153-162.
    1. Crowther MA, Clase CM, Margetts PJ, et al. Low-intensity warfarin is ineffective for the prevention of PTFE graft failure in patients on hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(9):2331-2337.
    1. Lok CE, Moist L, Hemmelgarn BR, et al. Effect of fish oil supplementation on graft patency and cardiovascular events among patients with new synthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307(17):1809-1816.
    1. MacRae JM, Ahmed A, Johnson N, Levin A, Kiaii M. Central vein stenosis: a common problem in patients on hemodialysis. ASAIO J. 2005;51(1):77-81.
    1. Saad TF, Ahmed W, Davis K, Jurkovitz C. Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices in hemodialysis patients: prevalence and implications for arteriovenous hemodialysis access interventions. Semin Dial. 2015;28(1):94-100.
    1. Tan CS, Jie C, Joe J, et al. The impact of transvenous cardiac devices on vascular access patency in hemodialysis patients. Semin Dial. 2013;26(6):728-732.
    1. Allen AW, Megargell JL, Brown DB, et al. Venous thrombosis associated with the placement of peripherally inserted central catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000;11(10):1309-1314.
    1. Gonsalves CF, Eschelman DJ, Sullivan KL, DuBois N, Bonn J. Incidence of central vein stenosis and occlusion following upper extremity PICC and port placement. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2003;26(2):123-127.
    1. Surowiec SM, Fegley AJ, Tanski WJ, et al. Endovascular management of central venous stenoses in the hemodialysis patient: results of percutaneous therapy. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2004;38(4):349-354.
    1. Miller L, MacRae JM, Kiaii M, et al. ; on behalf of the Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group. Hemodialysis tunneled catheter noninfectious complications. Can J Kidney Health Dis. In press.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores y Colaboradores

Condiciones médicas

Intervenciones de drogas

3
Suscribir