Influence of motor skills training on children's development evaluated in the Motor skills in PreSchool (MiPS) study-DK: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial, nested in a cohort study

Lise Hestbaek, Sarah Thurøe Andersen, Thomas Skovgaard, Line Groenholt Olesen, Mette Elmose, Dorthe Bleses, Simon Calmar Andersen, Henrik Hein Lauridsen, Lise Hestbaek, Sarah Thurøe Andersen, Thomas Skovgaard, Line Groenholt Olesen, Mette Elmose, Dorthe Bleses, Simon Calmar Andersen, Henrik Hein Lauridsen

Abstract

Background: Good motor skills are considered important for children's physical, social, and psychological development, but the relationship is still poorly understood. Preschool age seems to be decisive for the development of motor skills and probably the most promising time-window in relation to preventive strategies based on improved motor skills. This research program has four overall aims: (1) investigation of the effect of a structured program aimed at improving motor skills in 3-6-year-old children on current and future motor skills, health, cognition, and wellbeing; (2) establish reference data on motor skills in 3-6-year-olds; (3) description of early development of musculoskeletal problems; and (4) establishment of a population-based cohort of 3-6-year-olds.

Methods: Over a four-year period, all preschools in a Danish municipality, Svendborg, will implement a new program aimed at optimizing children's motor skills. By introducing the program into a subset of the preschools at onset and comparing these children to another subset (control) that will not receive the intervention the first three years, it is possible to document a potential effect of the intervention. At the same time, a cohort will be established including all children attending preschools in the municipality with extensive baseline data collection: gross and fine motor skills; movement patterns; musculoskeletal complaints; physical activity; anthropometry; general wellbeing; cognitive abilities; language status; medical history; demographic background; and more. The children are aged 3-6 years at baseline. A total of 1461 children have been invited into the cohort, 368 to the intervention arm and 359 to the control arm. Follow-up time for the trial is 2.5 years. The cohort is planned to run at least until the children leave school at age 15-16 years. Longer follow-up will depend on future funding.

Discussion: If the results of the trial are positive, the intervention can be implemented in other similar settings with reasonable ease and at a relatively low initial cost. This is due to the extensive end-user involvement, the broad population base, and the pragmatic nature of the intervention. The cohort will provide important information about the influence of early motor skills on children's development across many domains and the potential interactions between these domains.

Trial registration: ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN23701994 . Registered on 13 October 2016.

Keywords: Children; Cognitive development; Kindergarten; Motor skills; Musculoskeletal; Physical activity; Preschool; Wellbeing.

Conflict of interest statement

Authors’ information

The SPIRIT checklist can be seen in Additional file 3.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study is approved by the Regional Committees on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark (S-2015-0178) as well as by the Danish Data protection Agency (2015-57-0008). This approval covered all participating centers (preschools).

Individual ethical approval from preschools was not required.

Important protocol modifications will be communicated to the abovementioned organizations by the first author who is also primary investigator.

The parents have signed/will sign an informed consent form on behalf of the children as required by the Committee on Health Research ethics. No children will be included without written parental consent.

The study is approved by the Regional Committees on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark (S-2015-0178) as well as by the Danish Data protection Agency (2015-57-0008). This approval covered all participating centers (preschools).

Individual ethical approval from preschools was not required.

Consent for publication

No data on individual persons will be published.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The MiPS study-DK. Organizational diagram
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
SPIRIT diagram for the schedule of enrolment, interventions, and assessments. *See description of the intervention in main protocol and Additional file 2. **See description of collected variables in main protocol and Additional file 1. 1 includes all the children, i.e. children born in 2011, 2012, or 2013; 2 includes children born in 2012 or 2013, since children from 2011 have left preschool; 3 includes children born in 2013, since children born in 2011 and 2012 have left preschool

References

    1. Gallahue DL, Ozmun JC. Motor Development: A theoretical model. Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.
    1. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Cliff DP, Barnett LM, Okely AD. Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents: review of associated health benefits. Sports Med. 2010;40(12):1019–35. doi: 10.2165/11536850-000000000-00000.
    1. Fisher A, Reilly JJ, Kelly LA, Montgomery C, Williamson A, Paton JY, et al. Fundamental movement skills and habitual physical activity in young children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(4):684–8. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000159138.48107.7D.
    1. Williams HG, Pfeiffer KA, O’Neill JR, Dowda M, McIver KL, Brown WH, et al. Motor skill performance and physical activity in preschool children. Obesity. 2008;16(6):1421–6. doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.214.
    1. Okely AD, Booth ML, Patterson JW. Relationship of physical activity to fundamental movement skills among adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(11):1899–904. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200111000-00015.
    1. Morano M, Colella D, Caroli M. Gross motor skill performance in a sample of overweight and non-overweight preschool children. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6(Suppl 2):42–6. doi: 10.3109/17477166.2011.613665.
    1. D’Hondt E, Deforche B, Vaeyens R, Vandorpe B, Vandendriessche J, Pion J, et al. Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in 5- to 12-year-old boys and girls: a cross-sectional study. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6(2-2):e556–64. doi: 10.3109/17477166.2010.500388.
    1. Krombholz H. Motor and cognitive performance of overweight preschool children. Percept Mot Skills. 2013;116(1):40–57. doi: 10.2466/22.25.PMS.116.1.40-57.
    1. Krombholz H. Physical performance in relation to age, sex, birth order, social class, and sports activities of preschool children. Percept Mot Skills. 2006;102(2):477–84. doi: 10.2466/pms.102.2.477-484.
    1. Vukovic M, Vukovic I, Stojanovik V. Investigation of language and motor skills in Serbian speaking children with specific language impairment and in typically developing children. Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31(6):1633–44. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.04.020.
    1. Viholainen H, Ahonen T, Lyytinen P, Cantell M, Tolvanen A, Lyytinen H. Early motor development and later language and reading skills in children at risk of familial dyslexia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(5):367–73. doi: 10.1017/S001216220600079X.
    1. Webster RI, Majnemer A, Platt RW, Shevell MI. Motor function at school age in children with a preschool diagnosis of developmental language impairment. J Pediatr. 2005;146(1):80–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.09.005.
    1. Iverson JM, Braddock BA. Gesture and motor skill in relation to language in children with language impairment. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011;54(1):72–86. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2010/08-0197).
    1. van der Leij A, van Bergen E, van Zuijen T, de Jong P, Maurits N, Maassen B. Precursors of developmental dyslexia: an overview of the longitudinal Dutch Dyslexia Programme study. Dyslexia. 2013;19(4):191–213. doi: 10.1002/dys.1463.
    1. Diamond A, Lee K. Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science. 2011;333(6045):959–64. doi: 10.1126/science.1204529.
    1. Viholainen H, Aro T, Purtsi J, Tolvanen A, Cantell M. Adolescents’ school-related self-concept mediates motor skills and psychosocial well-being. Br J Educ Psychol. 2014;84(Pt 2):268–80. doi: 10.1111/bjep.12023.
    1. Branta C, Haubenstricker J, Seefeldt V. Age changes in motor skills during childhood and adolescence. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1984;12:467–520. doi: 10.1249/00003677-198401000-00015.
    1. Cantell MHSM, Ahonen TP. Clumsiness in adolescence: educational, motor and social outcomes of motor delay detected at 5 years. Adapted Phys Act Qyart. 1994;11:115–29. doi: 10.1123/apaq.11.2.115.
    1. Lindelof A, Nielsen CV, Pedersen BD. A qualitative, longitudinal study exploring obese adolescents’ attitudes towards physical activity. J Phys Act Health. 2013;10:113–21. doi: 10.1123/jpah.10.1.115.
    1. Wedderkopp N, Jespersen E, Franz C, Klakk H, Heidemann M, Christiansen C, et al. Study protocol. The Childhood Health, Activity, and Motor Performance School Study Denmark (The CHAMPS-study DK) BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:128. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-128.
    1. Heidemann M, Molgaard C, Husby S, Schou AJ, Klakk H, Moller NC, et al. The intensity of physical activity influences bone mineral accrual in childhood: the childhood health, activity and motor performance school (the CHAMPS) study, Denmark. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:32. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-32.
    1. Klakk H, Andersen LB, Heidemann M, Moller NC, Wedderkopp N. Six physical education lessons a week can reduce cardiovascular risk in school children aged 6-13 years: a longitudinal study. Scand J Public Health. 2014;42(2):128–36.
    1. Klakk H, Chinapaw M, Heidemann M, Andersen LB, Wedderkopp N. Effect of four additional physical education lessons on body composition in children aged 8-13 years--a prospective study during two school years. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:170. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-170.
    1. Rexen CT, Ersboll AK, Moller NC, Klakk H, Wedderkopp N, Andersen LB. Effects of extra school-based physical education on overall physical fitness development - the CHAMPS study DK. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25:706–15. doi: 10.1111/sms.12293.
    1. Henderson SE, Sugden DA. Movement Assessment Battery for Children. London: Psychological Corporation; 1992.
    1. Henderson SE, Sugden DA, Barnett AL. Movement Assessment Battery for Children - 2. Examiner’s manual. London: Harcourt Assessment; 2007.
    1. Chow SM, Henderson SE. Interrater and test-retest reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Chinese preschool children. Am J Occup Ther. 2003;57(5):574–7. doi: 10.5014/ajot.57.5.574.
    1. Chow SM, Henderson SE, Barnett AL. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children: a comparison of 4-year-old to 6-year-old children from Hong Kong and the United States. Am J Occup Ther. 2001;55(1):55–61. doi: 10.5014/ajot.55.1.55.
    1. Van Waelvelde H, Peersman W, Lenoir M, Smits Engelsman BC, Henderson SE. The movement assessment battery for children: similarities and differences between 4- and 5-year-old children from Flanders and the United States. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2008;20(1):30–8. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0b013e31815ee2b2.
    1. Ellinoudis T, Evaggelinou C, Kourtessis T, Konstantinidou Z, Venetsanou F, Kambas A. Reliability and validity of age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children--second edition. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(3):1046–51. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.035.
    1. Kakebeeke TH, Knaier E, Kochli S, Chaouch A, Rousson V, Kriemler S, et al. Comparison between the Movement ABC-2 and the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment in Preschool Children. Percept Mot Skills. 2016;123(3):687–701. doi: 10.1177/0031512516664991.
    1. Larsen KT, Huang T, Moller NC, Andersen LB, Ried-Larsen M. Effectiveness of a one-year multi-component day-camp intervention for overweight children: study protocol of the Odense overweight intervention study (OOIS) BMC Public Health. 2014;14:313. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-313.
    1. Cools W, Martelaer KD, Samaey C, Andries C. Movement skill assessment of typically developing preschool children: a review of seven movement skill assessment tools. J Sports Sci Med. 2009;8(2):154–68.
    1. Karlsson AK, Kullberg J, Stokland E, Allvin K, Gronowitz E, Svensson PA, et al. Measurements of total and regional body composition in preschool children: A comparison of MRI, DXA, and anthropometric data. Obesity. 2013;21(5):1018–24. doi: 10.1002/oby.20205.
    1. Olesen LG, Kristensen PL, Ried-Larsen M, Grontved A, Froberg K. Physical activity and motor skills in children attending 43 preschools: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:229. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-229.
    1. In J. Considerations when calculating the sample size for an inequality test. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2016;69(4):327–31. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2016.69.4.327.
    1. Piek JP, McLaren S, Kane R, Jensen L, Dender A, Roberts C, et al. Does the Animal Fun program improve motor performance in children aged 4-6 years? Hum Mov Sci. 2013;32(5):1086–96. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.08.004.
    1. Roth K, Kriemler S, Lehmacher W, Ruf KC, Graf C, Hebestreit H. Effects of a physical activity intervention in preschool children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(12):2542–51. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000703.
    1. Bellows LL, Davies PL, Anderson J, Kennedy C. Effectiveness of a physical activity intervention for Head Start preschoolers: a randomized intervention study. Am J Occup Ther. 2013;67(1):28–36. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2013.005777.
    1. Bardid F, Deconinck FJ, Descamps S, Verhoeven L, De Pooter G, Lenoir M, et al. The effectiveness of a fundamental motor skill intervention in pre-schoolers with motor problems depends on gender but not environmental context. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(12):4571–81. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.09.035.
    1. Krneta Z, Casals C, Bala G, Madic D, Pavlovic S, Drid P. Can kinesiological activities change “pure” motor development in preschool children during one school year? Coll Antropol. 2015;39(Suppl 1):35–40.
    1. Donath L, Faude O, Hagmann S, Roth R, Zahner L. Fundamental movement skills in preschoolers: a randomized controlled trial targeting object control proficiency. Child Care Health Dev. 2015;41(6):1179–87. doi: 10.1111/cch.12232.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores y Colaboradores

Condiciones médicas

Intervenciones de drogas

3
Suscribir