Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men

Nicholas A Burd, Daniel W D West, Aaron W Staples, Philip J Atherton, Jeff M Baker, Daniel R Moore, Andrew M Holwerda, Gianni Parise, Michael J Rennie, Steven K Baker, Stuart M Phillips, Nicholas A Burd, Daniel W D West, Aaron W Staples, Philip J Atherton, Jeff M Baker, Daniel R Moore, Andrew M Holwerda, Gianni Parise, Michael J Rennie, Steven K Baker, Stuart M Phillips

Abstract

Background: We aimed to determine the effect of resistance exercise intensity (%1 repetition maximum-1RM) and volume on muscle protein synthesis, anabolic signaling, and myogenic gene expression.

Methodology/principal findings: Fifteen men (21+/-1 years; BMI=24.1+/-0.8 kg/m2) performed 4 sets of unilateral leg extension exercise at different exercise loads and/or volumes: 90% of repetition maximum (1RM) until volitional failure (90FAIL), 30% 1RM work-matched to 90%FAIL (30WM), or 30% 1RM performed until volitional failure (30FAIL). Infusion of [ring-13C6] phenylalanine with biopsies was used to measure rates of mixed (MIX), myofibrillar (MYO), and sarcoplasmic (SARC) protein synthesis at rest, and 4 h and 24 h after exercise. Exercise at 30WM induced a significant increase above rest in MIX (121%) and MYO (87%) protein synthesis at 4 h post-exercise and but at 24 h in the MIX only. The increase in the rate of protein synthesis in MIX and MYO at 4 h post-exercise with 90FAIL and 30FAIL was greater than 30WM, with no difference between these conditions; however, MYO remained elevated (199%) above rest at 24 h only in 30FAIL. There was a significant increase in AktSer473 at 24h in all conditions (P=0.023) and mTORSer2448 phosphorylation at 4 h post-exercise (P=0.025). Phosporylation of Erk1/2Tyr202/204, p70S6KThr389, and 4E-BP1Thr37/46 increased significantly (P<0.05) only in the 30FAIL condition at 4 h post-exercise, whereas, 4E-BP1Thr37/46 phosphorylation was greater 24 h after exercise than at rest in both 90FAIL (237%) and 30FAIL (312%) conditions. Pax7 mRNA expression increased at 24 h post-exercise (P=0.02) regardless of condition. The mRNA expression of MyoD and myogenin were consistently elevated in the 30FAIL condition.

Conclusions/significance: These results suggest that low-load high volume resistance exercise is more effective in inducing acute muscle anabolism than high-load low volume or work matched resistance exercise modes.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1. Fasted-state mixed (A), myofibrillar (B),…
Figure 1. Fasted-state mixed (A), myofibrillar (B), and sarcoplasmic (C) protein synthesis (FSR) at rest and following resistance exercise.
Capital letter indicates a mean that is significantly different from rest, P

Figure 2. Akt (A), Erk1/2 (B), mTOR…

Figure 2. Akt (A), Erk1/2 (B), mTOR (C) following resistance exercise.

Capital letter indicates a…

Figure 2. Akt (A), Erk1/2 (B), mTOR (C) following resistance exercise.
Capital letter indicates a mean that is significantly different from rest, P

Figure 3. p70S6K (A), 4E-BP1 (B), and…

Figure 3. p70S6K (A), 4E-BP1 (B), and eEF2 (C) following resistance exercise.

Capital letter indicates…

Figure 3. p70S6K (A), 4E-BP1 (B), and eEF2 (C) following resistance exercise.
Capital letter indicates a mean that is significantly different from rest, P

Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis…

Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the extent of phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (Thr…

Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the extent of phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (Thr 37/46) at 24 hours following resistance exercise.
There was a significant correlation (P = 0.049) between the degree of phosphorylation (fold-change from basal) and myofibrillar protein synthesis (FSR, %/hr).

Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin…

Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin (C) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle 24 hours…

Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin (C) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle 24 hours following resistance exercise.
Data are expressed as fold change from rest. Data are normalized to GAPDH and reported as mean ± SEM. *Significantly different from rest, P
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References
    1. West DW, Kujbida GW, Moore DR, Atherton P, Burd NA, et al. Resistance exercise-induced increases in putative anabolic hormones do not enhance muscle protein synthesis or intracellular signalling in young men. J Physiol. 2009;587:5239–5247. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Macdonald MJ, Macdonald JR, Armstrong D, et al. Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1031–1040. - PubMed
    1. West DW, Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, Staples AW, et al. Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108:60–67. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hartman JW, Tang JE, Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Lawrence RL, et al. Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:373–381. - PubMed
    1. Ratamess NA, Alvar BA, Evetoch TK, Housh TJ, Kibler WB, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:687–708. - PubMed
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Figure 2. Akt (A), Erk1/2 (B), mTOR…
Figure 2. Akt (A), Erk1/2 (B), mTOR (C) following resistance exercise.
Capital letter indicates a mean that is significantly different from rest, P

Figure 3. p70S6K (A), 4E-BP1 (B), and…

Figure 3. p70S6K (A), 4E-BP1 (B), and eEF2 (C) following resistance exercise.

Capital letter indicates…

Figure 3. p70S6K (A), 4E-BP1 (B), and eEF2 (C) following resistance exercise.
Capital letter indicates a mean that is significantly different from rest, P

Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis…

Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the extent of phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (Thr…

Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the extent of phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (Thr 37/46) at 24 hours following resistance exercise.
There was a significant correlation (P = 0.049) between the degree of phosphorylation (fold-change from basal) and myofibrillar protein synthesis (FSR, %/hr).

Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin…

Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin (C) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle 24 hours…

Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin (C) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle 24 hours following resistance exercise.
Data are expressed as fold change from rest. Data are normalized to GAPDH and reported as mean ± SEM. *Significantly different from rest, P
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. West DW, Kujbida GW, Moore DR, Atherton P, Burd NA, et al. Resistance exercise-induced increases in putative anabolic hormones do not enhance muscle protein synthesis or intracellular signalling in young men. J Physiol. 2009;587:5239–5247. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Macdonald MJ, Macdonald JR, Armstrong D, et al. Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1031–1040. - PubMed
    1. West DW, Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, Staples AW, et al. Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108:60–67. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hartman JW, Tang JE, Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Lawrence RL, et al. Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:373–381. - PubMed
    1. Ratamess NA, Alvar BA, Evetoch TK, Housh TJ, Kibler WB, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:687–708. - PubMed
Show all 52 references
Publication types
MeSH terms
[x]
Cite
Copy Download .nbib
Format: AMA APA MLA NLM

NCBI Literature Resources

MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Follow NCBI
Figure 3. p70S6K (A), 4E-BP1 (B), and…
Figure 3. p70S6K (A), 4E-BP1 (B), and eEF2 (C) following resistance exercise.
Capital letter indicates a mean that is significantly different from rest, P

Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis…

Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the extent of phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (Thr…

Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the extent of phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (Thr 37/46) at 24 hours following resistance exercise.
There was a significant correlation (P = 0.049) between the degree of phosphorylation (fold-change from basal) and myofibrillar protein synthesis (FSR, %/hr).

Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin…

Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin (C) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle 24 hours…

Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin (C) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle 24 hours following resistance exercise.
Data are expressed as fold change from rest. Data are normalized to GAPDH and reported as mean ± SEM. *Significantly different from rest, P
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. West DW, Kujbida GW, Moore DR, Atherton P, Burd NA, et al. Resistance exercise-induced increases in putative anabolic hormones do not enhance muscle protein synthesis or intracellular signalling in young men. J Physiol. 2009;587:5239–5247. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Macdonald MJ, Macdonald JR, Armstrong D, et al. Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1031–1040. - PubMed
    1. West DW, Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, Staples AW, et al. Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108:60–67. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hartman JW, Tang JE, Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Lawrence RL, et al. Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:373–381. - PubMed
    1. Ratamess NA, Alvar BA, Evetoch TK, Housh TJ, Kibler WB, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:687–708. - PubMed
Show all 52 references
Publication types
MeSH terms
[x]
Cite
Copy Download .nbib
Format: AMA APA MLA NLM
Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis…
Figure 4. Relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the extent of phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (Thr 37/46) at 24 hours following resistance exercise.
There was a significant correlation (P = 0.049) between the degree of phosphorylation (fold-change from basal) and myofibrillar protein synthesis (FSR, %/hr).
Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin…
Figure 5. Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin (C) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle 24 hours following resistance exercise.
Data are expressed as fold change from rest. Data are normalized to GAPDH and reported as mean ± SEM. *Significantly different from rest, P

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    1. Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Macdonald MJ, Macdonald JR, Armstrong D, et al. Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1031–1040.
    1. West DW, Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, Staples AW, et al. Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108:60–67.
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