The incidence of chronic pain following Cesarean section and associated risk factors: A cohort of women followed up for three months

Natália Carvalho Borges, José Miguel de Deus, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Délio Marques Conde, Maria Márcia Bachion, Louise Amália de Moura, Lilian Varanda Pereira, Natália Carvalho Borges, José Miguel de Deus, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Délio Marques Conde, Maria Márcia Bachion, Louise Amália de Moura, Lilian Varanda Pereira

Abstract

Background: Chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) is one of the post-surgical complications of a Cesarean section. Despite the high rates of Cesarean section worldwide, the incidence of CPSP and the risk factors for this condition remain relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to calculate the incidence of CPSP in women submitted to Cesarean section and to analyze the associated risk factors.

Materials and methods: A prospective cohort of 621 women undergoing Cesarean section was recruited preoperatively. Potential presurgical (sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle-related characteristics) and post-surgical risk factors (the presence and intensity of pain) risk factors were analyzed. Pain was measured at 24 hours and 7, 30, 60 and 90 days after surgery. Following discharge from hospital, data were collected by telephone. The outcome measure was self-reported pain three months after a Cesarean section. The risk factors for chronic pain were analyzed using the log-binomial regression model (a generalized linear model).

Results: A total of 462 women were successfully contacted 90 days following surgery. The incidence of CPSP was 25.5% (95%CI: 21.8-29.7). Risk factors included presurgical anxiety (adjusted relative risk [RR] 1.03; 95%CI: 1.01-1.05), smoking (adjusted RR 2.22; 95%CI: 1.27-3.88) and severe pain in the early postoperative period (adjusted RR 2.79; 95%CI: 1.29-6.00).

Conclusion: One in four women submitted to Cesarean section may develop CPSP; however, the risk factors identified here are modifiable and preventable. Preventive strategies directed towards controlling anxiety, reducing smoking during pregnancy and managing pain soon after hospital discharge are recommended.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Flowchart of recruitment to the…
Fig 1. Flowchart of recruitment to the study.

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