Technology for Triple Fortification of Salt with Folic Acid, Iron, and Iodine

Oluwasegun Modupe, Kiruba Krishnaswamy, Levente L Diosady, Oluwasegun Modupe, Kiruba Krishnaswamy, Levente L Diosady

Abstract

As many of the maternal and child health complications result from folic acid, iron, and iodine deficiencies; it makes sense to combat these simultaneously. We have developed cost-effective technology to deliver these three micronutrients simultaneously through salt. Our goal was to retain at least 70% of the micronutrients during 6 months of storage. The fortified salt was formulated by spraying a solution that contained 2% iodine and 0.5% or 1% folic acid onto salt and adding encapsulated ferrous fumarate. The formulated triple fortified salt contained 1,000 ppm iron, 50 ppm iodine, and 12.5 or 25 ppm folic acid. The spray solution and the salt were stored for 2 and 6 months respectively at 25, 35, and 45 °C 60 to 70% relative humidity. Even at 45 °C, over 70% of both iodine and folic acid were retained in the salt. The best formulation based on the color of the salt and stability of iodine and folic acid contained 12.5 ppm folic acid, 50 ppm iodine, and 1,000 ppm iron. These results indicate that iron, iodine, and folic acid can be simultaneously delivered to a vulnerable population through salt using the technology described. Also, the quality control of the process can be developed around pteroic acid that was detected as a primary degradation product of folic acid. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The technology developed is already transferred to India for industrial scale up. When fully operational, the technology will simultaneously solve iron, iodine, and folic acid deficiencies in vulnerable populations at a very low cost.

Keywords: anemia; folic acid; fortification; micronutrients; spina bifida.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Food Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart for the triple fortification of salt. HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; TiO2, titanium dioxide.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Stability of Iodine (A) and folic acid (B) in spray solution (2‐month preliminary study). FA, folic acid; I, iodine.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of pH on folic acid (A) and iodine (B) stability in the spray solutions (2‐month storage). FA, folic acid; I, iodine.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of folic acid concentration on folic acid (A) and Iodine (B) stability in the spray solution (2‐month storage). FA, folic acid; I, iodine.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The effect of extrudate coat on stability of iodine (A) and folic acid (B), and the effect of folic acid concentration on stability of iodine (C) and folic acid (D) in triple fortified salt (6‐month storage). The result is presented as a percentage of folic acid (12.5 or 25 ppm) and iodine (50 ppm) initially added to salt. All of the salt samples in a and b contained 1,000 ppm iron and a percentage of 12.5 ppm folic acid, the initial concentration whereas those in c and d contained 1,000 ppm iron and a percentage 50 ppm iodine, the initial concentration. Premix A is IN (5% HPMC + 5% SS), premix B is Lab (5% HPMC + 5% SS), premix C is Lab (10% SS), and premix D is Lab (10% HPMC). Two of the premix samples (A and C) had perfect coat whereas premix B and D had some grey spots. FA, folic acid; I, iodine; HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; SS, soy stearin.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) The UHPLC‐MS TIC spectra of the compound detected (chloride additive of pteroic acid). (B) Possible pathway for the formation of chloride additive of pteroic acid.

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Source: PubMed

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