Involvement of MAPK/NF-κB signaling in the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in experimental colitis by chronic vagus nerve stimulation
Peng Sun, Kewen Zhou, Sheng Wang, Ping Li, Sijuan Chen, Guiping Lin, Yan Zhao, Tinghuai Wang, Peng Sun, Kewen Zhou, Sheng Wang, Ping Li, Sijuan Chen, Guiping Lin, Yan Zhao, Tinghuai Wang
Abstract
Background: Autonomic nervous system dysfunction is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Therapies that increase cardiovagal activity, such as Mind-Body interventions, are currently confirmed to be effective in clinical trials in IBD. However, a poor understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms limits the popularization of therapies in clinical practice. The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanisms of these therapies against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats using a chronic vagus nerve stimulation model in vivo, as well as the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) by acetylcholine in vitro.
Methods and results: Colitis was induced in rats with rectal instillation of TNBS, and the effect of chronic VNS (0.25 mA, 20 Hz, 500 ms) on colonic inflammation was evaluated. Inflammatory responses were assessed by disease activity index (DAI), histological scores, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α and IL-6 production. The expression of Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) family members, IκB-α, and nuclear NF-κB p65 were studied by immunoblotting. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis was also applied to assess the sympathetic-vagal balance. DAI, histological scores, MPO activity, iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased by chronic VNS. Moreover, both VNS and acetylcholine reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs and prevented the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Methyllycaconitine (MLA) only reversed the inhibitory effect on p-ERK and intranuclear NF-κB p65 expression by ACh in vitro, no significant change was observed in the expression of p-p38 MAPK or p-JNK by MLA.
Conclusion: Vagal activity modification contributes to the beneficial effects of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in IBD-related inflamed colonic mucosa based on the activation of MAPKs and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Our work may provide key pathophysiological mechanistic evidence for novel therapeutic strategies that increase the cardiovagal activity in IBD patients.
Conflict of interest statement
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Figures
![Figure 1. A-B. Time course of the…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3732220/bin/pone.0069424.g001.jpg)
Figure 2. Chronic VNS reduces the severity…
Figure 2. Chronic VNS reduces the severity of TNBS-induced colitis in rats.
(A) Effects of…
Figure 3. A–E. Chronic VNS ameliorates TNBS-induced…
Figure 3. A–E. Chronic VNS ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis histologically.
Photomicrographs (magnification ×100 & ×200) are…
Figure 4. Colonic mucosal ACh level in…
Figure 4. Colonic mucosal ACh level in the control group (n=8), VNS group (n=8), TNBS…
Figure 5. A–D. Effect of TNBS and…
Figure 5. A–D. Effect of TNBS and VNS on LFnm(A), HFnm(B), LF/HF(C) and TP(D) on…
Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation…
Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation of NF-κB p65 on TNBS-induced colitis.
Photomicrographs (magnification…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression and NF-κB translocation in Caco-2 cells.
Caco-2 cells…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α (A) degradation and p-ERK1/2 (B), p-JNK (C), and…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of p-ERK1/2 (A), p-JNK (B) and p-p38 MAPK (C)…
- Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation combined with electroacupuncture in a rodent model of TNBS-induced colitis.Jin H, Guo J, Liu J, Lyu B, Foreman RD, Yin J, Shi Z, Chen JDZ. Jin H, et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017 Sep 1;313(3):G192-G202. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00254.2016. Epub 2017 May 25. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017. PMID: 28546285
- Dietary supplementation of an ellagic acid-enriched pomegranate extract attenuates chronic colonic inflammation in rats.Rosillo MA, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Cárdeno A, Aparicio-Soto M, Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Villegas I, de la Lastra CA. Rosillo MA, et al. Pharmacol Res. 2012 Sep;66(3):235-42. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.006. Epub 2012 Jun 4. Pharmacol Res. 2012. PMID: 22677088
- Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Migratory Activities of Isoquinoline-1-Carboxamide Derivatives in LPS-Treated BV2 Microglial Cells via Inhibition of MAPKs/NF-κB Pathway.Do HTT, Bui BP, Sim S, Jung JK, Lee H, Cho J. Do HTT, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Mar 27;21(7):2319. doi: 10.3390/ijms21072319. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 32230861 Free PMC article.
- The p38 MAPK inhibitor JLU1124 inhibits the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide through the MAPK-NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages.Li XN, Su J, Zhao L, Xiang JB, Wang W, Liu F, Li HY, Zhong JT, Bai X, Sun LK. Li XN, et al. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Nov;17(3):785-92. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Sep 23. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013. PMID: 24070708
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) milt hydrolysates on human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and dextran sodium sulphate-induced mouse colitis in vivo.Li S, Yuan N, Guo W, Chai Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Zeng M, Wu H. Li S, et al. Food Funct. 2022 Sep 22;13(18):9169-9182. doi: 10.1039/d2fo00967f. Food Funct. 2022. PMID: 36069409 Review.
- The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis: An Important Route for Neuropsychiatric Morbidity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Masanetz RK, Winkler J, Winner B, Günther C, Süß P. Masanetz RK, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 21;23(19):11111. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911111. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. PMID: 36232412 Free PMC article. Review.
- Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.Yasmin F, Sahito AM, Mir SL, Khatri G, Shaikh S, Gul A, Hassan SA, Koritala T, Surani S. Yasmin F, et al. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022 Sep 22;13(5):128-142. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i5.128. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022. PMID: 36187600 Free PMC article. Review.
- Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy.Kelly MJ, Breathnach C, Tracey KJ, Donnelly SC. Kelly MJ, et al. Cell Rep Med. 2022 Jul 19;3(7):100696. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100696. Cell Rep Med. 2022. PMID: 35858588 Free PMC article. Review.
- "The Wandering Nerve Linking Heart and Mind" - The Complementary Role of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Modulating Neuro-Cardiovascular and Cognitive Performance.Dolphin H, Dukelow T, Finucane C, Commins S, McElwaine P, Kennelly SP. Dolphin H, et al. Front Neurosci. 2022 Jun 16;16:897303. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.897303. eCollection 2022. Front Neurosci. 2022. PMID: 35784842 Free PMC article. Review.
- Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Tethered to Cardiovascular Diseases.Panda P, Verma HK, Lakkakula S, Merchant N, Kadir F, Rahman S, Jeffree MS, Lakkakula BVKS, Rao PV. Panda P, et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Jun 24;2022:9154295. doi: 10.1155/2022/9154295. eCollection 2022. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022. PMID: 35783193 Free PMC article. Review.
-
- Sands BE (2007) Inflammatory bowel disease: past, present, and future. J Gastroenterol 42: 16–25. doi:10.1007/s00535-006-1995-7. PubMed: 17322989. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Nathan C (2002) Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420: 846–852. doi:10.1038/nature01320. PubMed: 12490957. - DOI - PubMed
-
- O’Shea JJ, Murray PJ (2008) Cytokine signaling modules in inflammatory responses. Immunity 28: 477–487. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.002. PubMed: 18400190. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Babior BM (2000) Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 109: 33–44. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00481-2. PubMed: 10936476. - DOI - PubMed
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Acetylcholine / pharmacology*
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology
- Caco-2 Cells
- Colitis / chemically induced
- Colitis / complications*
- Colitis / pathology
- Colitis / surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation / metabolism
- Inflammation / pathology
- Inflammation / prevention & control*
- Interleukin-6 / metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism*
- NF-kappa B / metabolism*
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / metabolism
- Peroxidase / metabolism
- Phosphorylation / drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction / drug effects
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / toxicity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation*
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Interleukin-6
- Lipopolysaccharides
- NF-kappa B
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
- Peroxidase
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Acetylcholine
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
- Research Materials
- Miscellaneous
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 2. Chronic VNS reduces the severity…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3732220/bin/pone.0069424.g002.jpg)
Figure 3. A–E. Chronic VNS ameliorates TNBS-induced…
Figure 3. A–E. Chronic VNS ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis histologically.
Photomicrographs (magnification ×100 & ×200) are…
Figure 4. Colonic mucosal ACh level in…
Figure 4. Colonic mucosal ACh level in the control group (n=8), VNS group (n=8), TNBS…
Figure 5. A–D. Effect of TNBS and…
Figure 5. A–D. Effect of TNBS and VNS on LFnm(A), HFnm(B), LF/HF(C) and TP(D) on…
Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation…
Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation of NF-κB p65 on TNBS-induced colitis.
Photomicrographs (magnification…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression and NF-κB translocation in Caco-2 cells.
Caco-2 cells…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α (A) degradation and p-ERK1/2 (B), p-JNK (C), and…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of p-ERK1/2 (A), p-JNK (B) and p-p38 MAPK (C)…
- Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation combined with electroacupuncture in a rodent model of TNBS-induced colitis.Jin H, Guo J, Liu J, Lyu B, Foreman RD, Yin J, Shi Z, Chen JDZ. Jin H, et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017 Sep 1;313(3):G192-G202. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00254.2016. Epub 2017 May 25. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017. PMID: 28546285
- Dietary supplementation of an ellagic acid-enriched pomegranate extract attenuates chronic colonic inflammation in rats.Rosillo MA, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Cárdeno A, Aparicio-Soto M, Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Villegas I, de la Lastra CA. Rosillo MA, et al. Pharmacol Res. 2012 Sep;66(3):235-42. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.006. Epub 2012 Jun 4. Pharmacol Res. 2012. PMID: 22677088
- Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Migratory Activities of Isoquinoline-1-Carboxamide Derivatives in LPS-Treated BV2 Microglial Cells via Inhibition of MAPKs/NF-κB Pathway.Do HTT, Bui BP, Sim S, Jung JK, Lee H, Cho J. Do HTT, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Mar 27;21(7):2319. doi: 10.3390/ijms21072319. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 32230861 Free PMC article.
- The p38 MAPK inhibitor JLU1124 inhibits the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide through the MAPK-NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages.Li XN, Su J, Zhao L, Xiang JB, Wang W, Liu F, Li HY, Zhong JT, Bai X, Sun LK. Li XN, et al. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Nov;17(3):785-92. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Sep 23. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013. PMID: 24070708
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) milt hydrolysates on human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and dextran sodium sulphate-induced mouse colitis in vivo.Li S, Yuan N, Guo W, Chai Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Zeng M, Wu H. Li S, et al. Food Funct. 2022 Sep 22;13(18):9169-9182. doi: 10.1039/d2fo00967f. Food Funct. 2022. PMID: 36069409 Review.
- The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis: An Important Route for Neuropsychiatric Morbidity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Masanetz RK, Winkler J, Winner B, Günther C, Süß P. Masanetz RK, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 21;23(19):11111. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911111. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. PMID: 36232412 Free PMC article. Review.
- Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.Yasmin F, Sahito AM, Mir SL, Khatri G, Shaikh S, Gul A, Hassan SA, Koritala T, Surani S. Yasmin F, et al. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022 Sep 22;13(5):128-142. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i5.128. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022. PMID: 36187600 Free PMC article. Review.
- Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy.Kelly MJ, Breathnach C, Tracey KJ, Donnelly SC. Kelly MJ, et al. Cell Rep Med. 2022 Jul 19;3(7):100696. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100696. Cell Rep Med. 2022. PMID: 35858588 Free PMC article. Review.
- "The Wandering Nerve Linking Heart and Mind" - The Complementary Role of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Modulating Neuro-Cardiovascular and Cognitive Performance.Dolphin H, Dukelow T, Finucane C, Commins S, McElwaine P, Kennelly SP. Dolphin H, et al. Front Neurosci. 2022 Jun 16;16:897303. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.897303. eCollection 2022. Front Neurosci. 2022. PMID: 35784842 Free PMC article. Review.
- Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Tethered to Cardiovascular Diseases.Panda P, Verma HK, Lakkakula S, Merchant N, Kadir F, Rahman S, Jeffree MS, Lakkakula BVKS, Rao PV. Panda P, et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Jun 24;2022:9154295. doi: 10.1155/2022/9154295. eCollection 2022. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022. PMID: 35783193 Free PMC article. Review.
-
- Sands BE (2007) Inflammatory bowel disease: past, present, and future. J Gastroenterol 42: 16–25. doi:10.1007/s00535-006-1995-7. PubMed: 17322989. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Nathan C (2002) Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420: 846–852. doi:10.1038/nature01320. PubMed: 12490957. - DOI - PubMed
-
- O’Shea JJ, Murray PJ (2008) Cytokine signaling modules in inflammatory responses. Immunity 28: 477–487. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.002. PubMed: 18400190. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Babior BM (2000) Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 109: 33–44. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00481-2. PubMed: 10936476. - DOI - PubMed
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Acetylcholine / pharmacology*
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology
- Caco-2 Cells
- Colitis / chemically induced
- Colitis / complications*
- Colitis / pathology
- Colitis / surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation / metabolism
- Inflammation / pathology
- Inflammation / prevention & control*
- Interleukin-6 / metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism*
- NF-kappa B / metabolism*
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / metabolism
- Peroxidase / metabolism
- Phosphorylation / drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction / drug effects
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / toxicity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation*
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Interleukin-6
- Lipopolysaccharides
- NF-kappa B
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
- Peroxidase
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Acetylcholine
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
- Research Materials
- Miscellaneous
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 3. A–E. Chronic VNS ameliorates TNBS-induced…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3732220/bin/pone.0069424.g003.jpg)
Figure 4. Colonic mucosal ACh level in…
Figure 4. Colonic mucosal ACh level in the control group (n=8), VNS group (n=8), TNBS…
Figure 5. A–D. Effect of TNBS and…
Figure 5. A–D. Effect of TNBS and VNS on LFnm(A), HFnm(B), LF/HF(C) and TP(D) on…
Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation…
Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation of NF-κB p65 on TNBS-induced colitis.
Photomicrographs (magnification…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression and NF-κB translocation in Caco-2 cells.
Caco-2 cells…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α (A) degradation and p-ERK1/2 (B), p-JNK (C), and…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of p-ERK1/2 (A), p-JNK (B) and p-p38 MAPK (C)…
- Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation combined with electroacupuncture in a rodent model of TNBS-induced colitis.Jin H, Guo J, Liu J, Lyu B, Foreman RD, Yin J, Shi Z, Chen JDZ. Jin H, et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017 Sep 1;313(3):G192-G202. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00254.2016. Epub 2017 May 25. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017. PMID: 28546285
- Dietary supplementation of an ellagic acid-enriched pomegranate extract attenuates chronic colonic inflammation in rats.Rosillo MA, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Cárdeno A, Aparicio-Soto M, Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Villegas I, de la Lastra CA. Rosillo MA, et al. Pharmacol Res. 2012 Sep;66(3):235-42. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.006. Epub 2012 Jun 4. Pharmacol Res. 2012. PMID: 22677088
- Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Migratory Activities of Isoquinoline-1-Carboxamide Derivatives in LPS-Treated BV2 Microglial Cells via Inhibition of MAPKs/NF-κB Pathway.Do HTT, Bui BP, Sim S, Jung JK, Lee H, Cho J. Do HTT, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Mar 27;21(7):2319. doi: 10.3390/ijms21072319. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 32230861 Free PMC article.
- The p38 MAPK inhibitor JLU1124 inhibits the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide through the MAPK-NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages.Li XN, Su J, Zhao L, Xiang JB, Wang W, Liu F, Li HY, Zhong JT, Bai X, Sun LK. Li XN, et al. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Nov;17(3):785-92. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Sep 23. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013. PMID: 24070708
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) milt hydrolysates on human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and dextran sodium sulphate-induced mouse colitis in vivo.Li S, Yuan N, Guo W, Chai Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Zeng M, Wu H. Li S, et al. Food Funct. 2022 Sep 22;13(18):9169-9182. doi: 10.1039/d2fo00967f. Food Funct. 2022. PMID: 36069409 Review.
- The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis: An Important Route for Neuropsychiatric Morbidity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Masanetz RK, Winkler J, Winner B, Günther C, Süß P. Masanetz RK, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 21;23(19):11111. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911111. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. PMID: 36232412 Free PMC article. Review.
- Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.Yasmin F, Sahito AM, Mir SL, Khatri G, Shaikh S, Gul A, Hassan SA, Koritala T, Surani S. Yasmin F, et al. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022 Sep 22;13(5):128-142. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i5.128. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022. PMID: 36187600 Free PMC article. Review.
- Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy.Kelly MJ, Breathnach C, Tracey KJ, Donnelly SC. Kelly MJ, et al. Cell Rep Med. 2022 Jul 19;3(7):100696. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100696. Cell Rep Med. 2022. PMID: 35858588 Free PMC article. Review.
- "The Wandering Nerve Linking Heart and Mind" - The Complementary Role of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Modulating Neuro-Cardiovascular and Cognitive Performance.Dolphin H, Dukelow T, Finucane C, Commins S, McElwaine P, Kennelly SP. Dolphin H, et al. Front Neurosci. 2022 Jun 16;16:897303. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.897303. eCollection 2022. Front Neurosci. 2022. PMID: 35784842 Free PMC article. Review.
- Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Tethered to Cardiovascular Diseases.Panda P, Verma HK, Lakkakula S, Merchant N, Kadir F, Rahman S, Jeffree MS, Lakkakula BVKS, Rao PV. Panda P, et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Jun 24;2022:9154295. doi: 10.1155/2022/9154295. eCollection 2022. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022. PMID: 35783193 Free PMC article. Review.
-
- Sands BE (2007) Inflammatory bowel disease: past, present, and future. J Gastroenterol 42: 16–25. doi:10.1007/s00535-006-1995-7. PubMed: 17322989. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Nathan C (2002) Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420: 846–852. doi:10.1038/nature01320. PubMed: 12490957. - DOI - PubMed
-
- O’Shea JJ, Murray PJ (2008) Cytokine signaling modules in inflammatory responses. Immunity 28: 477–487. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.002. PubMed: 18400190. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Babior BM (2000) Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 109: 33–44. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00481-2. PubMed: 10936476. - DOI - PubMed
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Acetylcholine / pharmacology*
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology
- Caco-2 Cells
- Colitis / chemically induced
- Colitis / complications*
- Colitis / pathology
- Colitis / surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation / metabolism
- Inflammation / pathology
- Inflammation / prevention & control*
- Interleukin-6 / metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism*
- NF-kappa B / metabolism*
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / metabolism
- Peroxidase / metabolism
- Phosphorylation / drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction / drug effects
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / toxicity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation*
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Interleukin-6
- Lipopolysaccharides
- NF-kappa B
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
- Peroxidase
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Acetylcholine
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
- Research Materials
- Miscellaneous
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 4. Colonic mucosal ACh level in…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3732220/bin/pone.0069424.g004.jpg)
Figure 5. A–D. Effect of TNBS and…
Figure 5. A–D. Effect of TNBS and VNS on LFnm(A), HFnm(B), LF/HF(C) and TP(D) on…
Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation…
Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation of NF-κB p65 on TNBS-induced colitis.
Photomicrographs (magnification…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression and NF-κB translocation in Caco-2 cells.
Caco-2 cells…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α (A) degradation and p-ERK1/2 (B), p-JNK (C), and…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of p-ERK1/2 (A), p-JNK (B) and p-p38 MAPK (C)…
- Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation combined with electroacupuncture in a rodent model of TNBS-induced colitis.Jin H, Guo J, Liu J, Lyu B, Foreman RD, Yin J, Shi Z, Chen JDZ. Jin H, et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017 Sep 1;313(3):G192-G202. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00254.2016. Epub 2017 May 25. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017. PMID: 28546285
- Dietary supplementation of an ellagic acid-enriched pomegranate extract attenuates chronic colonic inflammation in rats.Rosillo MA, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Cárdeno A, Aparicio-Soto M, Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Villegas I, de la Lastra CA. Rosillo MA, et al. Pharmacol Res. 2012 Sep;66(3):235-42. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.006. Epub 2012 Jun 4. Pharmacol Res. 2012. PMID: 22677088
- Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Migratory Activities of Isoquinoline-1-Carboxamide Derivatives in LPS-Treated BV2 Microglial Cells via Inhibition of MAPKs/NF-κB Pathway.Do HTT, Bui BP, Sim S, Jung JK, Lee H, Cho J. Do HTT, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Mar 27;21(7):2319. doi: 10.3390/ijms21072319. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 32230861 Free PMC article.
- The p38 MAPK inhibitor JLU1124 inhibits the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide through the MAPK-NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages.Li XN, Su J, Zhao L, Xiang JB, Wang W, Liu F, Li HY, Zhong JT, Bai X, Sun LK. Li XN, et al. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Nov;17(3):785-92. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Sep 23. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013. PMID: 24070708
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) milt hydrolysates on human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and dextran sodium sulphate-induced mouse colitis in vivo.Li S, Yuan N, Guo W, Chai Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Zeng M, Wu H. Li S, et al. Food Funct. 2022 Sep 22;13(18):9169-9182. doi: 10.1039/d2fo00967f. Food Funct. 2022. PMID: 36069409 Review.
- The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis: An Important Route for Neuropsychiatric Morbidity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Masanetz RK, Winkler J, Winner B, Günther C, Süß P. Masanetz RK, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 21;23(19):11111. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911111. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. PMID: 36232412 Free PMC article. Review.
- Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.Yasmin F, Sahito AM, Mir SL, Khatri G, Shaikh S, Gul A, Hassan SA, Koritala T, Surani S. Yasmin F, et al. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022 Sep 22;13(5):128-142. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i5.128. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022. PMID: 36187600 Free PMC article. Review.
- Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy.Kelly MJ, Breathnach C, Tracey KJ, Donnelly SC. Kelly MJ, et al. Cell Rep Med. 2022 Jul 19;3(7):100696. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100696. Cell Rep Med. 2022. PMID: 35858588 Free PMC article. Review.
- "The Wandering Nerve Linking Heart and Mind" - The Complementary Role of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Modulating Neuro-Cardiovascular and Cognitive Performance.Dolphin H, Dukelow T, Finucane C, Commins S, McElwaine P, Kennelly SP. Dolphin H, et al. Front Neurosci. 2022 Jun 16;16:897303. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.897303. eCollection 2022. Front Neurosci. 2022. PMID: 35784842 Free PMC article. Review.
- Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Tethered to Cardiovascular Diseases.Panda P, Verma HK, Lakkakula S, Merchant N, Kadir F, Rahman S, Jeffree MS, Lakkakula BVKS, Rao PV. Panda P, et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Jun 24;2022:9154295. doi: 10.1155/2022/9154295. eCollection 2022. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022. PMID: 35783193 Free PMC article. Review.
-
- Sands BE (2007) Inflammatory bowel disease: past, present, and future. J Gastroenterol 42: 16–25. doi:10.1007/s00535-006-1995-7. PubMed: 17322989. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Nathan C (2002) Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420: 846–852. doi:10.1038/nature01320. PubMed: 12490957. - DOI - PubMed
-
- O’Shea JJ, Murray PJ (2008) Cytokine signaling modules in inflammatory responses. Immunity 28: 477–487. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.002. PubMed: 18400190. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Babior BM (2000) Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 109: 33–44. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00481-2. PubMed: 10936476. - DOI - PubMed
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Acetylcholine / pharmacology*
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology
- Caco-2 Cells
- Colitis / chemically induced
- Colitis / complications*
- Colitis / pathology
- Colitis / surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation / metabolism
- Inflammation / pathology
- Inflammation / prevention & control*
- Interleukin-6 / metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism*
- NF-kappa B / metabolism*
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / metabolism
- Peroxidase / metabolism
- Phosphorylation / drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction / drug effects
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / toxicity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation*
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Interleukin-6
- Lipopolysaccharides
- NF-kappa B
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
- Peroxidase
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Acetylcholine
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
- Research Materials
- Miscellaneous
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 5. A–D. Effect of TNBS and…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3732220/bin/pone.0069424.g005.jpg)
Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation…
Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation of NF-κB p65 on TNBS-induced colitis.
Photomicrographs (magnification…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression and NF-κB translocation in Caco-2 cells.
Caco-2 cells…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α (A) degradation and p-ERK1/2 (B), p-JNK (C), and…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of p-ERK1/2 (A), p-JNK (B) and p-p38 MAPK (C)…
- Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation combined with electroacupuncture in a rodent model of TNBS-induced colitis.Jin H, Guo J, Liu J, Lyu B, Foreman RD, Yin J, Shi Z, Chen JDZ. Jin H, et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017 Sep 1;313(3):G192-G202. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00254.2016. Epub 2017 May 25. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017. PMID: 28546285
- Dietary supplementation of an ellagic acid-enriched pomegranate extract attenuates chronic colonic inflammation in rats.Rosillo MA, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Cárdeno A, Aparicio-Soto M, Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Villegas I, de la Lastra CA. Rosillo MA, et al. Pharmacol Res. 2012 Sep;66(3):235-42. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.006. Epub 2012 Jun 4. Pharmacol Res. 2012. PMID: 22677088
- Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Migratory Activities of Isoquinoline-1-Carboxamide Derivatives in LPS-Treated BV2 Microglial Cells via Inhibition of MAPKs/NF-κB Pathway.Do HTT, Bui BP, Sim S, Jung JK, Lee H, Cho J. Do HTT, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Mar 27;21(7):2319. doi: 10.3390/ijms21072319. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 32230861 Free PMC article.
- The p38 MAPK inhibitor JLU1124 inhibits the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide through the MAPK-NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages.Li XN, Su J, Zhao L, Xiang JB, Wang W, Liu F, Li HY, Zhong JT, Bai X, Sun LK. Li XN, et al. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Nov;17(3):785-92. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Sep 23. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013. PMID: 24070708
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) milt hydrolysates on human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and dextran sodium sulphate-induced mouse colitis in vivo.Li S, Yuan N, Guo W, Chai Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Zeng M, Wu H. Li S, et al. Food Funct. 2022 Sep 22;13(18):9169-9182. doi: 10.1039/d2fo00967f. Food Funct. 2022. PMID: 36069409 Review.
- The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis: An Important Route for Neuropsychiatric Morbidity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Masanetz RK, Winkler J, Winner B, Günther C, Süß P. Masanetz RK, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 21;23(19):11111. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911111. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. PMID: 36232412 Free PMC article. Review.
- Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.Yasmin F, Sahito AM, Mir SL, Khatri G, Shaikh S, Gul A, Hassan SA, Koritala T, Surani S. Yasmin F, et al. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022 Sep 22;13(5):128-142. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i5.128. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022. PMID: 36187600 Free PMC article. Review.
- Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy.Kelly MJ, Breathnach C, Tracey KJ, Donnelly SC. Kelly MJ, et al. Cell Rep Med. 2022 Jul 19;3(7):100696. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100696. Cell Rep Med. 2022. PMID: 35858588 Free PMC article. Review.
- "The Wandering Nerve Linking Heart and Mind" - The Complementary Role of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Modulating Neuro-Cardiovascular and Cognitive Performance.Dolphin H, Dukelow T, Finucane C, Commins S, McElwaine P, Kennelly SP. Dolphin H, et al. Front Neurosci. 2022 Jun 16;16:897303. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.897303. eCollection 2022. Front Neurosci. 2022. PMID: 35784842 Free PMC article. Review.
- Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Tethered to Cardiovascular Diseases.Panda P, Verma HK, Lakkakula S, Merchant N, Kadir F, Rahman S, Jeffree MS, Lakkakula BVKS, Rao PV. Panda P, et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Jun 24;2022:9154295. doi: 10.1155/2022/9154295. eCollection 2022. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022. PMID: 35783193 Free PMC article. Review.
-
- Sands BE (2007) Inflammatory bowel disease: past, present, and future. J Gastroenterol 42: 16–25. doi:10.1007/s00535-006-1995-7. PubMed: 17322989. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Nathan C (2002) Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420: 846–852. doi:10.1038/nature01320. PubMed: 12490957. - DOI - PubMed
-
- O’Shea JJ, Murray PJ (2008) Cytokine signaling modules in inflammatory responses. Immunity 28: 477–487. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.002. PubMed: 18400190. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Babior BM (2000) Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 109: 33–44. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00481-2. PubMed: 10936476. - DOI - PubMed
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Acetylcholine / pharmacology*
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology
- Caco-2 Cells
- Colitis / chemically induced
- Colitis / complications*
- Colitis / pathology
- Colitis / surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation / metabolism
- Inflammation / pathology
- Inflammation / prevention & control*
- Interleukin-6 / metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism*
- NF-kappa B / metabolism*
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / metabolism
- Peroxidase / metabolism
- Phosphorylation / drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction / drug effects
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / toxicity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation*
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Interleukin-6
- Lipopolysaccharides
- NF-kappa B
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
- Peroxidase
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Acetylcholine
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
- Research Materials
- Miscellaneous
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 6. Chronic VNS inhibits the activation…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3732220/bin/pone.0069424.g006.jpg)
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression…
Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression and NF-κB translocation in Caco-2 cells.
Caco-2 cells…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α…
Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α (A) degradation and p-ERK1/2 (B), p-JNK (C), and…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of p-ERK1/2 (A), p-JNK (B) and p-p38 MAPK (C)…
- Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation combined with electroacupuncture in a rodent model of TNBS-induced colitis.Jin H, Guo J, Liu J, Lyu B, Foreman RD, Yin J, Shi Z, Chen JDZ. Jin H, et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017 Sep 1;313(3):G192-G202. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00254.2016. Epub 2017 May 25. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017. PMID: 28546285
- Dietary supplementation of an ellagic acid-enriched pomegranate extract attenuates chronic colonic inflammation in rats.Rosillo MA, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Cárdeno A, Aparicio-Soto M, Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Villegas I, de la Lastra CA. Rosillo MA, et al. Pharmacol Res. 2012 Sep;66(3):235-42. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.006. Epub 2012 Jun 4. Pharmacol Res. 2012. PMID: 22677088
- Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Migratory Activities of Isoquinoline-1-Carboxamide Derivatives in LPS-Treated BV2 Microglial Cells via Inhibition of MAPKs/NF-κB Pathway.Do HTT, Bui BP, Sim S, Jung JK, Lee H, Cho J. Do HTT, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Mar 27;21(7):2319. doi: 10.3390/ijms21072319. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. PMID: 32230861 Free PMC article.
- The p38 MAPK inhibitor JLU1124 inhibits the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide through the MAPK-NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages.Li XN, Su J, Zhao L, Xiang JB, Wang W, Liu F, Li HY, Zhong JT, Bai X, Sun LK. Li XN, et al. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Nov;17(3):785-92. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Sep 23. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013. PMID: 24070708
- Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) milt hydrolysates on human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and dextran sodium sulphate-induced mouse colitis in vivo.Li S, Yuan N, Guo W, Chai Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Zeng M, Wu H. Li S, et al. Food Funct. 2022 Sep 22;13(18):9169-9182. doi: 10.1039/d2fo00967f. Food Funct. 2022. PMID: 36069409 Review.
- The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis: An Important Route for Neuropsychiatric Morbidity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Masanetz RK, Winkler J, Winner B, Günther C, Süß P. Masanetz RK, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 21;23(19):11111. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911111. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. PMID: 36232412 Free PMC article. Review.
- Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.Yasmin F, Sahito AM, Mir SL, Khatri G, Shaikh S, Gul A, Hassan SA, Koritala T, Surani S. Yasmin F, et al. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022 Sep 22;13(5):128-142. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i5.128. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2022. PMID: 36187600 Free PMC article. Review.
- Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy.Kelly MJ, Breathnach C, Tracey KJ, Donnelly SC. Kelly MJ, et al. Cell Rep Med. 2022 Jul 19;3(7):100696. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100696. Cell Rep Med. 2022. PMID: 35858588 Free PMC article. Review.
- "The Wandering Nerve Linking Heart and Mind" - The Complementary Role of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Modulating Neuro-Cardiovascular and Cognitive Performance.Dolphin H, Dukelow T, Finucane C, Commins S, McElwaine P, Kennelly SP. Dolphin H, et al. Front Neurosci. 2022 Jun 16;16:897303. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.897303. eCollection 2022. Front Neurosci. 2022. PMID: 35784842 Free PMC article. Review.
- Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Tethered to Cardiovascular Diseases.Panda P, Verma HK, Lakkakula S, Merchant N, Kadir F, Rahman S, Jeffree MS, Lakkakula BVKS, Rao PV. Panda P, et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Jun 24;2022:9154295. doi: 10.1155/2022/9154295. eCollection 2022. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022. PMID: 35783193 Free PMC article. Review.
-
- Sands BE (2007) Inflammatory bowel disease: past, present, and future. J Gastroenterol 42: 16–25. doi:10.1007/s00535-006-1995-7. PubMed: 17322989. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Nathan C (2002) Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420: 846–852. doi:10.1038/nature01320. PubMed: 12490957. - DOI - PubMed
-
- O’Shea JJ, Murray PJ (2008) Cytokine signaling modules in inflammatory responses. Immunity 28: 477–487. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.002. PubMed: 18400190. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Babior BM (2000) Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 109: 33–44. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00481-2. PubMed: 10936476. - DOI - PubMed
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Acetylcholine / pharmacology*
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology
- Caco-2 Cells
- Colitis / chemically induced
- Colitis / complications*
- Colitis / pathology
- Colitis / surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation / metabolism
- Inflammation / pathology
- Inflammation / prevention & control*
- Interleukin-6 / metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism*
- NF-kappa B / metabolism*
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / metabolism
- Peroxidase / metabolism
- Phosphorylation / drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction / drug effects
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / toxicity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation*
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Interleukin-6
- Lipopolysaccharides
- NF-kappa B
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
- Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
- Peroxidase
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Acetylcholine
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
- Research Materials
- Miscellaneous
![Figure 7. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α expression…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3732220/bin/pone.0069424.g007.jpg)
![Figure 8. Chronic VNS inhibition of IκB-α…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3732220/bin/pone.0069424.g008.jpg)
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of…
Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of p-ERK1/2 (A), p-JNK (B) and p-p38 MAPK (C)…
![Figure 9. Acetylcholine inhibits LPS-induced activation of…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3732220/bin/pone.0069424.g009.jpg)
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- Rosillo MA, de la Lastra CA (2012) Dietary supplementation of an ellagic acid-enriched pomegranate extract attenuates chronic colonic inflammation in rats. Pharmacol Res 66: 235–242. doi:. PubMed: .
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