Happiness: A Novel Outcome in Parkinson Studies?

Caro I Cools, Nienke M de Vries, Bastiaan R Bloem, Caro I Cools, Nienke M de Vries, Bastiaan R Bloem

Abstract

In this viewpoint, we draw attention to using happiness in clinical studies as an interesting outcome that is highly relevant to patients with Parkinson's disease. Quality of life (QoL) is thus far commonly used as main outcome in clinical trials. Happiness is a part of QoL, but also represents a construct on its own. While QoL mainly consists of quality perceptions of different extrinsic aspects of life, such as the environment or performance, happiness entails the intrinsic quality of the subjective enjoyment of life. Around 70% of people rate happiness as the most important thing in life. Happiness can be a difficult construct to measure, but we argue that self-compassion and well-being could serve as reliable indicators for happiness. We expect that happiness as outcome could probe the true value of an intervention for a patient, well beyond what is captured by more traditional outcomes such as motor scores or the general concept of QoL, which better reflect external factors. Because of the apparent importance of happiness to many people, we recommend that this concept is used more widely as outcome measure in future clinical trials.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; Quality of Life; complementary therapies; happiness.

Conflict of interest statement

Prof. Bloem currently serves as Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Parkinson’s disease, serves on the editorial board of Practical Neurology and Digital Biomarkers, has received honoraria from serving on the scientific advisory board for Zambon, Biogen, UCB and Walk with Path, has received fees for speaking at conferences from AbbVie, Zambon, Roche, GE Healthcare and Bial, and has received research support from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, the Michael J Fox Foundation, UCB, Abbvie, Zambon, the Stichting Parkinson Fonds, the Hersenstichting Nederland, the Parkinson’s Foundation, Verily Life Sciences, Horizon 2020, the Topsector Life Sciences and Health, and the Parkinson Vereniging. Dr. De Vries receives research support from The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development and from the Michael J Fox Foundation.

References

    1. van Uem JM, Marinus J, Canning C, van Lummel R, Dodel R, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Berg D, Morris ME, Maetzler W (2016) Health-related quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease—a systematic review based on the ICF model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 61, 26–34.
    1. (1998) The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Social Sci Med 46, 1569–1585.
    1. Farquhar M (1995) Elderly people’s definitions of quality of life. Soc Sci Med 41, 1439–1446.
    1. Tay L, Kuykendall L, Diener E (2015) Satisfaction and happiness–the bright side of quality of life In Global handbook of quality of life. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 839–853.
    1. Veenhoven R (2001) Quality-of-life and happiness: Not quite the same In Salute e qualità dell vida, DeGirolamo G, ed. Centro Scientifico Editore, Torino, Italia, pp. 67–95.
    1. Diener E, Seligman ME (2004) Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychol Sci Public Interest 5, 1–31.
    1. Neff KD, Rude SS, Kirkpatrick K (2007) An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. J Res Pers 41, 908–916.
    1. Ryan RM, Deci EL (2001) On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Ann Rev Psychol 52, 141–166.
    1. Diener E (1984) Subjective well-being. Psychol Bull 95, 542–575.
    1. Diener E (2000) Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. Am Psychol 55, 34–43.
    1. Diener E, Sapyta JJ, Suh E (1998) Subjective well-being is essential to well-being. Psychol Inq 9, 33–37.
    1. Neff KD, Pisitsungkagarn K, Hseih Y (2008) Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. J Cross Cult Psychol 39, 267–285.
    1. Barak Y, Achiron A (2009) Happiness and neurological diseases. Exp Rev Neurother 9, 445–459.
    1. Canoy M, Faber MJ, Munneke M, Oortwijn W, Nijkrake MJ, Bloem BR (2015) Hidden treasures and secret pitfalls: Application of the capability approach to ParkinsonNet. J Parkinsons Dis 5, 575–580.
    1. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S (1985) The satisfaction with life scale. J J Pers Assess 49, 71–75.
    1. Watson D, Clark LA (1994) The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule – Expanded form. The University of Iowa, Ames.
    1. Diener E, Wirtz D, Tov W, Prieto-Kim C, Choi DW, Oishi S, Biswas-Diener R (2010) New well- being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Soc Indic Res 97, 143–156.
    1. Lyubomirsky S (2001) Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. Am Psychol 56, 239–249.
    1. Neff KD (2003) The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self Identity 2, 223–250.
    1. Neff KD, Costigan AP (2014) Self-compassion, wellbeing, and happiness. Psychol Österreich 2, 114–119.
    1. Neff KD, Knox MC (2017) Self-compassion In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Zeigler-Hill V, Shackelford TK, eds. Springer International Publishing AG, pp. 1–8.
    1. McLean G, Lawrence M, Simpson R, Mercer SW (2017) Mindfulness-based stress reduction in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. BMC Neurol 17, 92.
    1. Bognar S, DeFaria AM, O’Dwyer C, Pankiw E, Simic Bogler J, Teixeira S, Nyhof-Young J, Evans C (2017) More than just dancing: Experiences of people with Parkinson’s disease in a therapeutic dance program. Disabil Rehabil 39, 1073–1078.
    1. Earhart GM (2009) Dance as therapy for individuals with Parkinson disease. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 45, 231.
    1. García-Casares N, Martín-Colom JE, García-Arnés JA (2018) Music therapy in Parkinson’s disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc 19, 1054–1062.
    1. Pacchetti C, Mancini F, Aglieri R, Fundarò C, Martignoni E, Nappi G (2000) Active music therapy in Parkinson’s disease: An integrative method for motor and emotional rehabilitation. Psychosom Med 62, 386–393.
    1. Gauthier L, Dalziel S, Gauthier S (1987) The benefits of group occupational therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease. Am J Occup Ther 41, 360–365.
    1. Lindskov S, Westergren A, Hagell P (2007) A controlled trial of an educational programme for people with Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Nurs 16(11C), 368–376.
    1. Benninger DH, Lomarev M, Lopez G, Wassermann EM, Li X, Considine E, Hallett M (2010) Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81, 1105–1111.
    1. Schröder S, Martus P, Odin P, Schaefer M (2012) Impact of community pharmaceutical care on patient health and quality of drug treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Int J Clin Pharm 34, 746–756.
    1. Allen NE, Song J, Paul SS, Sherrington C, Murray SM, O’Rourke SD, Lord SR, Fung VSC, Close JCT, Howard K, Canning CG (2015) Predictors of adherence to a falls prevention exercise program for people with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2, 395–401.
    1. Collett J, Franssen M, Meaney A, Wade D, Izadi H, Tims M, Winward C, Bodganovic M, Farmer A, Dawes H (2017) Phase II randomised controlled trial of a 6-month self-managed community exercise programme for people with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 88, 204–211.
    1. Dahmen-Zimmer K, Jansen P (2017) Karate and dance training to improve balance and stabilize mood in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A feasibility study. Front Med 4, 237.
    1. Kwok JYY, Kwan JCY, Auyeung M, Mok VCT, Lau CKY, Choi KC, Chan HYL (2019) Effects of mindfulness yoga vs stretching and resistance training exercises on anxiety and depression for people with Parkinson disease: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 76, 755–763.
    1. De Luca R, Latella D, Maggio MG, Leonardi S, Sorbera C, Di Lorenzo G, Balletta T, Cannavò A, Naro A, Impellizzeri F, Calabrò RS (2020) Do patients with PD benefit from music assisted therapy plus treadmill-based gait training? An exploratory study focused on behavioral outcomes. Int J Neurosci, doi: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1710147.
    1. Murdoch KC, Larsen D, Edey W, Arsenault C, Howell A, Joyce A, Sandham T, Miyasaki JM (2020) The efficacy of the Strength, Hope and Resourcefulness Program for people with Parkinson’s disease (SHARP-PWP): A mixed methods study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 70, 7–12.
    1. Noyes K, Dick AW, Holloway RG, Parkinson Study Group (2006) Pramipexole versus levodopa in patients with early Parkinson’s disease: Effect on generic and disease-specific quality of life. Value Health 9, 28–38.
    1. Zhang Z, Shao M, Chen S, Liu C, Peng R, Li Y, Wang J, Zhu S, Qu Q, Zhang X, Chen H, Sun X, Wang Y, Sun S, Zhang B, Li J, Pan X, Zhao G (2018) Adjunct rasagiline to treat Parkinson’s disease with motor fluctuations: A randomized, double-blind study in China. Transl Neurodegener 7, 14.
    1. Winward C, Sackley C, Meek C, Izadi H, Barker K, Wade D, Dawes H (2012) Weekly exercise does not improve fatigue levels in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 27, 143–146.
    1. Nocera JR, Amano S, Vallabhajosula S, Hass CJ (2013) Tai Chi exercise to improve non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. J Yoga Phys Ther 3, 10.
    1. Chagas MH, Zuardi AW, Tumas V, Pena-Pereira MA, Sobreira ET, Bergamaschi MM, dos Santos AC, Teixeira AL, Hallak JE, Crippa JA (2014) Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: An exploratory double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol 28, 1088–1098.
    1. Morberg BM, Jensen J, Bode M, Wermuth L (2014) The impact of high intensity physical training on motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PIP): A preliminary study. Neurorehabilitation 35, 291–298.
    1. Sheard JM, Ash S, Mellick GD, Silburn PA, Kerr GK (2014) Improved nutritional status is related to improved quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. BMC Neurol 14, 212.
    1. Li M, Yang HM, Luo DX, Chen JZ, Shi HJ (2016) Multi-dimensional analysis on Parkinson’s disease questionnaire-39 in Parkinson’s patients treated with Bushen Huoxue Granule: A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded and placebo controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 29, 116–120.
    1. Cattaneo C, Müller T, Bonizzoni E, Lazzeri G, Kottakis I, Keywood C (2017) Long-term effects of safinamide on mood fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis 7, 629–634.
    1. Hadinia A, Meyer A, Bruegger V, Hatz F, Nowak K, Taub E, Nyberg E, Stieglitz RD, Fuhr P, Gschwandtner U (2017) Cognitive behavioral group therapy reduces stress and improves the quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Front Psychol 7, 1975.
    1. Mirabella G, De Vita P, Fragola M, Rampelli S, Lena F, Dilettuso F, Iacopini M, d’Avella R, Borgese MC, Mazzotta S, Lanni D, Grano M, Lubrani S, Modugno N (2017) Theatre is a valid add-on therapeutic intervention for emotional rehabilitation of Parkinson’s disease patients. Parkinsons Dis, 2017, 7436725.
    1. Poier D, Rodrigues Recchia D, Ostermann T, Büssing A (2019) A randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of Tango Argentino versus tai chi on quality of life in patients with Parkinson disease: A short report. Complement Med Res 26, 398–403.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores y Colaboradores

Condiciones médicas

Intervenciones de drogas

3
Suscribir