Prevalence and risk factors of type-2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Melkamu A Zeru, Endalamaw Tesfa, Aweke A Mitiku, Awoke Seyoum, Tesfaye Abera Bokoro, Melkamu A Zeru, Endalamaw Tesfa, Aweke A Mitiku, Awoke Seyoum, Tesfaye Abera Bokoro

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a public health problem in developing as well as developed nations. DM leads to many complications that are associated with higher morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, the current study was planned to assess the prevalence and risk factors of type-2 DM in Ethiopian population. Six electronic databases such as: PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, Web of science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online were searched for studies published in English up December 30, 2020. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment of the included studies. The data was extracted by Microsoft excel and analyzed through Stata version 16 software. The random effect meta-regression analysis was computed at 95% CI to assess the pooled prevalence and risk factors of type-2 DM. Forty observational studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of DM in Ethiopia was 6.5% (95% CI (5.8, 7.3)). The sub-group analysis revealed that the highest prevalence of DM was found in Dire Dawa city administration (14%), and the lowest prevalence was observed in Tigray region (2%). The pooled prevalence of DM was higher (8%) in studies conducted in health facility. Factors like: Age ≥ 40 years ((Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.91 (95% CI: 1.05, 3.49)), Illiterate (AOR: 2.74 (95% CI: 1.18, 6.34)), Cigarette smoking (AOR: 1.97 (95% CI: 1.17, 3.32)), Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 (AOR: 2.01 (95 CI: 1.46, 2.27)), family history of DM (AOR: 6.14 (95% CI: 2.80, 13.46)), history of hypertension (AOR: 3.00 (95% CI: 1.13, 7.95)) and physical inactivity (AOR: 5.79 (95% CI: 2.12, 15.77)) were significantly associated with type-2 DM in Ethiopian population. In this review, the prevalence of type-2 DM was high. Factors like: Older age, illiteracy, cigarette smoking, MBI ≥ 25, family history of DM, history of hypertension and physical inactivity were an identified risk factors of type-2 DM. Therefore, health education and promotion will be warranted. Further, large scale prospective studies will be recommended to address possible risk factors of type-2 DM in Ethiopian population.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

© 2021. The Author(s).

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram describing the selection of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and determinants of DM in Ethiopia.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot of the pooled prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plots of odds ratio for the association of body mass index and hypertension with type-2 DM.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plots of odds ratio for the association age and cholesterol with type-2 diabetes.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plots of odds ratio for the association of education and physical activity with type-2 diabetes.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Forest plots of odds ratio for the association of smoking, alcohol consumption and wasting circumference with type-2 diabetes.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Forest plots of odds ratio for the association of sex and family history with type-2 diabetes.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Funnel plot depicts publication bias of included studies on prevalence of DM in Ethiopia.

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