Understanding the gastrointestinal tract of the elderly to develop dietary solutions that prevent malnutrition

Didier Rémond, Danit R Shahar, Doreen Gille, Paula Pinto, Josefa Kachal, Marie-Agnès Peyron, Claudia Nunes Dos Santos, Barbara Walther, Alessandra Bordoni, Didier Dupont, Lidia Tomás-Cobos, Guy Vergères, Didier Rémond, Danit R Shahar, Doreen Gille, Paula Pinto, Josefa Kachal, Marie-Agnès Peyron, Claudia Nunes Dos Santos, Barbara Walther, Alessandra Bordoni, Didier Dupont, Lidia Tomás-Cobos, Guy Vergères

Abstract

Although the prevalence of malnutrition in the old age is increasing worldwide a synthetic understanding of the impact of aging on the intake, digestion, and absorption of nutrients is still lacking. This review article aims at filling the gap in knowledge between the functional decline of the aging gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the consequences of malnutrition on the health status of elderly. Changes in the aging GIT include the mechanical disintegration of food, gastrointestinal motor function, food transit, chemical food digestion, and functionality of the intestinal wall. These alterations progressively decrease the ability of the GIT to provide the aging organism with adequate levels of nutrients, what contributes to the development of malnutrition. Malnutrition, in turn, increases the risks for the development of a range of pathologies associated with most organ systems, in particular the nervous-, muscoskeletal-, cardiovascular-, immune-, and skin systems. In addition to psychological, economics, and societal factors, dietary solutions preventing malnutrition should thus propose dietary guidelines and food products that integrate knowledge on the functionality of the aging GIT and the nutritional status of the elderly. Achieving this goal will request the identification, validation, and correlative analysis of biomarkers of food intake, nutrient bioavailability, and malnutrition.

Keywords: Gerotarget; aging; dietary solutions; gastrointestinal tract; malnutrition.

Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

None of the authors has potential conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1. Age structure of the European…
Figure 1. Age structure of the European population by gender and by five-year age groups [6]
Each bar corresponds to the proportion of the given sex and age group to the total population. Empty bars: populations observed in 2010; filled bars: convergence scenario for 2060; blue bars (left): men; orange bars (right): women.

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