Mass drug administration for malaria

Monica P Shah, Jimee Hwang, Leslie Choi, Kim A Lindblade, S Patrick Kachur, Meghna Desai, Monica P Shah, Jimee Hwang, Leslie Choi, Kim A Lindblade, S Patrick Kachur, Meghna Desai

Abstract

Background: Studies evaluating mass drug administration (MDA) in malarious areas have shown reductions in malaria immediately following the intervention. However, these effects vary by endemicity and are not sustained. Since the 2013 version of this Cochrane Review on this topic, additional studies have been published.

Objectives: Primary objectives To assess the sustained effect of MDA with antimalarial drugs on: - the reduction in malaria transmission in moderate- to high-transmission settings; - the interruption of transmission in very low- to low-transmission settings. Secondary objective To summarize the risk of drug-associated adverse effects following MDA.

Search methods: We searched several trial registries, citation databases, conference proceedings, and reference lists for relevant articles up to 11 February 2021. We also communicated with researchers to identify additional published and unpublished studies.

Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies comparing MDA to no MDA with balanced co-interventions across study arms and at least two geographically distinct sites per study arm.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trials for eligibility and extracted data. We calculated relative risk (RR) and rate ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare prevalence and incidence, respectively, in MDA compared to no-MDA groups. We stratified analyses by malaria transmission and by malaria species. For cluster-randomized controlled trials (cRCTs), we adjusted standard errors using the intracluster correlation coefficient. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. For non-randomized controlled before-and-after (CBA) studies, we summarized the data using difference-in-differences (DiD) analyses.

Main results: Thirteen studies met our criteria for inclusion. Ten were cRCTs and three were CBAs. Cluster-randomized controlled trials Moderate- to high-endemicity areas (prevalence ≥ 10%) We included data from two studies conducted in The Gambia and Zambia. At one to three months after MDA, the Plasmodium falciparum (hereafter, P falciparum) parasitaemia prevalence estimates may be higher compared to control but the CIs included no effect (RR 1.76, 95% CI 0.58 to 5.36; Zambia study; low-certainty evidence); parasitaemia incidence was probably lower (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.92; The Gambia study; moderate-certainty evidence); and confirmed malaria illness incidence may be substantially lower, but the CIs included no effect (rate ratio 0.41, 95% CI 0.04 to 4.42; Zambia study; low-certainty evidence). At four to six months after MDA, MDA showed little or no effect on P falciparum parasitaemia prevalence (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.56; The Gambia study; moderate-certainty evidence) and, no persisting effect was demonstrated with parasitaemia incidence (rate ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.50; The Gambia study). Very low- to low-endemicity areas (prevalence < 10%) Seven studies from Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (two studies), Vietnam, Zambia, and Zanzibar evaluated the effects of multiple rounds of MDA on P falciparum. Immediately following MDA (less than one month after MDA), parasitaemia prevalence was reduced (RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.52; one study; low-certainty evidence). At one to three months after MDA, there was a reduction in both parasitaemia incidence (rate ratio 0.37, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.55; 1 study; moderate-certainty evidence) and prevalence (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.41; 7 studies; low-certainty evidence). For confirmed malaria incidence, absolute rates were low, and it is uncertain whether MDA had an effect on this outcome (rate ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.12 to 2.73; 2 studies; very low-certainty evidence). For P falciparum prevalence, the relative differences declined over time, from RR 0.63 (95% CI 0.36 to 1.12; 4 studies) at four to six months after MDA, to RR 0.86 (95% CI 0.55 to 1.36; 5 studies) at 7 to 12 months after MDA. Longer-term prevalence estimates showed overall low absolute risks, and relative effect estimates of the effect of MDA on prevalence varied from RR 0.82 (95% CI 0.20 to 3.34) at 13 to 18 months after MDA, to RR 1.25 (95% CI 0.25 to 6.31) at 31 to 36 months after MDA in one study. Five studies from Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (2 studies), and Vietnam evaluated the effect of MDA on Plasmodium vivax (hereafter, P vivax). One month following MDA, P vivax prevalence was lower (RR 0.18, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.40; 1 study; low-certainty evidence). At one to three months after MDA, there was a reduction in P vivax prevalence (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.24; 5 studies; low-certainty evidence). The immediate reduction on P vivax prevalence was not sustained over time, from RR 0.78 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.95; 4 studies) at four to six months after MDA, to RR 1.12 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.32; 5 studies) at 7 to 12 months after MDA. One of the studies in Myanmar provided estimates of longer-term effects, where overall absolute risks were low, ranging from RR 0.81 (95% CI 0.44 to 1.48) at 13 to 18 months after MDA, to RR 1.20 (95% CI 0.44 to 3.29) at 31 to 36 months after MDA. Non-randomized studies Three CBA studies were conducted in moderate- to high-transmission areas in Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Nigeria. There was a reduction in P falciparum parasitaemia prevalence in MDA groups compared to control groups during MDA (DiD range: -15.8 to -61.4 percentage points), but the effect varied at one to three months after MDA (DiD range: 14.9 to -41.1 percentage points). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In moderate- to high-transmission settings, no studies reported important effects on P falciparum parasitaemia prevalence within six months after MDA. In very low- to low-transmission settings, parasitaemia prevalence and incidence were reduced initially for up to three months for both P falciparum and P vivax; longer-term data did not demonstrate an effect after four months, but absolute risks in both intervention and control groups were low. No studies provided evidence of interruption of malaria transmission.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02329301 NCT01872702 NCT02721186 NCT01872702 NCT00509015 NCT02914145 NCT00646126.

Conflict of interest statement

MPS has no known conflicts of interest.

JH has no known conflicts of interest.

LC has no known conflicts of interest.

KAL has no known conflicts of interest.

SPK has no known conflicts of interest.

MD has no known conflicts of interest.

Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
1.1. Analysis
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: MDA versus no MDA in moderate to high endemicity (cRCTs) on P falciparum outcomes, Outcome 1: Parasitaemia prevalence (P falciparum)
1.2. Analysis
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: MDA versus no MDA in moderate to high endemicity (cRCTs) on P falciparum outcomes, Outcome 2: Parasitaemia incidence (P falciparum)
1.3. Analysis
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: MDA versus no MDA in moderate to high endemicity (cRCTs) on P falciparum outcomes, Outcome 3: Confirmed malaria illness incidence (P falciparum)
1.4. Analysis
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: MDA versus no MDA in moderate to high endemicity (cRCTs) on P falciparum outcomes, Outcome 4: Gametocytaemia prevalence (P falciparum)
1.5. Analysis
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: MDA versus no MDA in moderate to high endemicity (cRCTs) on P falciparum outcomes, Outcome 5: Malaria‐specific mortality
2.1. Analysis
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: MDA versus no MDA in very low to low endemicity (cRCTs) on P falciparum outcomes, Outcome 1: Parasitaemia prevalence (P falciparum)
2.2. Analysis
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: MDA versus no MDA in very low to low endemicity (cRCTs) on P falciparum outcomes, Outcome 2: Parasitaemia incidence (P falciparum)
2.3. Analysis
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: MDA versus no MDA in very low to low endemicity (cRCTs) on P falciparum outcomes, Outcome 3: Confirmed malaria illness incidence (P falciparum)
3.1. Analysis
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: MDA versus no MDA in very low to low endemicity (cRCTs) on P vivax outcomes, Outcome 1: Parasitaemia prevalence (P vivax)
3.2. Analysis
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: MDA versus no MDA in very low to low endemicity (cRCTs) on P vivax outcomes, Outcome 2: Confirmed malaria illness incidence (P vivax)
4.1. Analysis
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Supplemental analysis: post‐hoc subgroup analysis by continent, Outcome 1: Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia prevalence post‐MDA 1‐3 months

References

References to studies included in this review Eisele 2020 ZMBa {published and unpublished data}

    1. Bennett A, Porter TR, Mwenda MC, Yukich JO, Finn TP, Lungu C, et al. A longitudinal cohort to monitor malaria infection incidence during mass drug administration in Southern Province, Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2020;103(2_Suppl):54-65. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0657]
    1. Chalwe V, Silumbe K, Finn TP, Hamainza B, Porter T, Kamuliwo M, et al. Adverse event reporting from malaria mass drug administration rounds conducted in Southern Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2016;95(5 Supplement 1):487.
    1. Conner R, Mudenda M, Hamainza B, Moonga H, Miller JM, Eisele TP, et al. Programmatic mass drug administration in Southern Province, Zambia: An evaluation of impact and possible spill-over effects using dhis2 malaria case incidence data. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2017;97(5 Supplement 1):501.
    1. Eisele TP, Bennett A , Silumbe K, Finn TP, Porter TR, Chalwe V, et al. Impact of four rounds of mass drug administration with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine implemented in southern province, Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2020;103(2_Suppl):7-18. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0659]
    1. Eisele TP, Bennett A, Silumbe K, Finn T, Chalwe V, Kamuliwo M, et al. The impact of targeted mass drug administration using dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in southern province Zambia: initial findings. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2015;93(4 Supplement):83.
    1. Eisele TP, Bennett A, Silumbe K, Finn TP, Chalwe V, Kamuliwo M, et al. Short-term impact of mass drug administration with dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine on malaria in southern province Zambia: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2016;214(12):1831-9.
    1. Eisele TP, Silumbe K, Finn T, Chalwe V, Kamuliwo M, Hamainza B, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of household-level focal mass drug administration and community-wide mass drug administration for reducing malaria parasite infection prevalence and incidence in Southern Province, Zambia: study protocol for a community randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:347. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0862-3]
    1. Mwenda M, Chishimba S, Mambwe B, Mulube C, Chalwe V, Moonga H, et al. PCR incidence of plasmodium falciparum infections in cohort samples over time during a malaria MDA randomized control trial in southern province Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2017;97(5 Supplement 1):593.
Eisele 2020 ZMBb {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bennett A, Porter TR, Mwenda MC, Yukich JO, Finn TP, Lungu C, et al. A longitudinal cohort to monitor malaria infection incidence during mass drug administration in southern province, Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2020;103(2_Suppl):54-65. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0657]
    1. Chalwe V, Silumbe K, Finn TP, Hamainza B, Porter T, Kamuliwo M, et al. Adverse event reporting from malaria mass drug administration rounds conducted in Southern Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2016;95(5 Supplement 1):487.
    1. Conner R, Mudenda M, Hamainza B, Moonga H, Miller JM, Eisele TP, et al. Programmatic mass drug administration in southern province, Zambia: an evaluation of impact and possible spill-over effects using dhis2 malaria case incidence data. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2017;97(5 Supplement 1):501.
    1. Eisele TP, Bennett A , Silumbe K, Finn TP, Porter TR, Chalwe V, et al. Impact of four rounds of mass drug administration with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine implemented in southern province, Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2020;103(2_Suppl):7-18. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0659]
    1. Eisele TP, Bennett A, Silumbe K, Finn T, Chalwe V, Kamuliwo M, et al. The impact of targeted mass drug administration using dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in southern province Zambia: initial findings. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2015;93(4 Supplement):83.
    1. Eisele TP, Bennett A, Silumbe K, Finn TP, Chalwe V, Kamuliwo M, et al. Short-term impact of mass drug administration with dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine on malaria in southern province Zambia: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2016;214(12):1831-9.
    1. Eisele TP, Silumbe K, Finn T, Chalwe V, Kamuliwo M, Hamainza B, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of household-level focal mass drug administration and community-wide mass drug administration for reducing malaria parasite infection prevalence and incidence in southern province, Zambia: study protocol for a community randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:347.
    1. Mwenda M, Chishimba S, Mambwe B, Mulube C, Chalwe V, Moonga H, et al. PCR incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infections in cohort samples over time during a malaria MDA randomized control trial in southern province Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2017;97(5 Supplement 1):593.
Escudie 1962 BFA {published data only}
    1. Escudie A, Hamon J, Schneider J. Results of mass antimalarial chemoprophylaxis with a combination of 4-aminoquinoline and 8-aminoquinoline under rural African conditions in the region of Bobo-Dioulasso (Upper Volta) 1960. Comparative study in a zone treated with DDT and outside this zone. Medecine Tropicale 1962;22(2):268-305.
    1. Schneider J, Escudie A, Hamon J. Eradication of malaria and chemotherapy. Results obtained with the association amino-4 quinoline + amino-8 quinoline in the pilot area of Bobo-Dioulasso (Haute- Volta) [Eradication du paludismeet chimiotherapie resultats d’un essai de l’association:amino–4 quinoleine/amino–8 quinoleine dans la zonepilote de Bobo–Dioulasso (Haute Volta)]. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique 1961;54(5):1012-25.
Landier 2017 MMRa {published and unpublished data}
    1. Landier J, Kajeechiwa L, Thwin MM, Parker DM, Chaumeau V, Wiladphaingern J, et al. Safety and effectiveness of mass drug administration to accelerate elimination of artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria: a pilot trial in four villages of Eastern Myanmar. Wellcome Open Research 2017;2:81.
    1. Seidlein L, Peto TJ, Landier J, Nguyen TN, Tripura R, Phommasone K, et al. The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in South-East Asia: a cluster randomised trial. PLoS Medicine 2019;16(2):e1002745.
McLean 2021 MMR {published and unpublished data}
    1. Heaton J, McClean A, Swe MM, Soe K, Indrasuta C, Khant ZS, et al. Speeding up malaria elimination; a cluster randomized controlled trial of mass drug administration in Southeast Myanmar, an area with artemisinin resistance. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2017;97(5 Supplement 1):411.
    1. McLean AR, Indrasuta C, Khant ZS, Phyo AK, Maung SM, Heaton J, et al. Mass drug administration for the acceleration of malaria elimination in a region of Myanmar with artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2021 June 17 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30997-X]
Molineaux 1980 NGA {published data only}
    1. Brogger RC, Mathews HM, Storey J, Ashkar TS, Brogger S, Molineaux L. Changing patterns in the humoral immune response to malaria before, during and after the application of control measures: a longitudinal study in the West African savanna. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1978;56(4):579-600.
    1. Molineaux L, Brogger RC, Mathews HM, Storey J, Ashkar TS. Longitudinal serological study of malaria in infants in the West African savanna. Comparisons in infants exposed to, or protected from, transmission from birth. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 1978;56(4):573-8.
    1. Molineaux L, Gramiccia G. The Garki Project. Research on the epidemiology and control of malaria in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa. 1980. (accessed prior to 8 July 2021).
    1. Molineaux L, Storey J, Cohen JE, Thomas A. A longitudinal study of human malaria in the West African savanna in the absence of control measures: relationships between different Plasmodium species, in particular P. falciparum and P. malariae. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1980;29(5):725-37.
Morris 2018 TZA {published and unpublished data}
    1. Morris U, Msellem M, Mkali H, Islam A, Aydin-Schmidt B, Jovel I, et al. A cluster randomised controlled trial of two rounds of mass drug administration in Zanzibar, a malaria pre-elimination setting—high coverage and safety, but no significant impact on transmission. BMC Medicine 2018;16:215. [DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1202-8]
Pongvongsa 2018 LAO {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pongvongsa T, Phommasone K, Adhikari B, Henriques G, Chotivanich K, Hanboonkunupakarn B, et al. The dynamic of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections following mass drug administrations with dihydroarteminisin-piperaquine plus a single low dose of primaquine in Savannakhet Province, Laos. Malaria Journal 2018;17(1):405.
    1. Seidlein L, Peto TJ, Landier J, Nguyen TN, Tripura R, Phommasone K, et al. The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in South-East Asia: a cluster randomised trial. PLoS Medicine 2019;16(2):e1002745.
Roberts 1964 KEN {published data only}
    1. Roberts JM. Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) in the control of epidemic malaria. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1956;59(9):201-8.
    1. Roberts JM. The control of epidemic malaria in the highlands of Western Kenya. Part I. Before the campaign. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1964;67(7):161-8.
    1. Roberts JM. The control of epidemic malaria in the highlands of Western Kenya. Part II. The campaign. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1964;67(8):191-9.
    1. Roberts JM. The control of epidemic malaria in the highlands of Western Kenya. Part III. After the campaign. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1964;67(9):230-7.
Shekalaghe 2011 TZA {published data only}
    1. Shekalaghe SA, Drakeley C, den Bosch S, ter Braak R, den Bikilaardt W, Mwanziva C, et al. A cluster-randomized trial of mass drug administration with a gametocytocidal drug combination to interrupt malaria transmission in a low endemic area in Tanzania. Malaria Journal 2011;10:247.
    1. Shekalaghe SA, ter Braak R, Daou M, Kavishe R, den Bijilaardt W, den Bosch S, et al. In Tanzania, hemolysis after a single dose of primaquine coadministered with an artemisinin is not restricted to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient (G6PD A) individuals. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2010;54(5):1762-8.
Tripura 2018 KHM {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tripura R, Peto TJ, Chea N, Chan D, Mukaka M, Sirithiranont P, et al. A controlled trial of mass drug administration to interrupt transmission of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Cambodian villages. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2018;67(6):817-26.
    1. Seidlein L, Peto TJ, Landier J, Nguyen TN, Tripura R, Phommasone K, et al. The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in South-East Asia: a cluster randomised trial. PLoS Medicine 2019;16(2):e1002745.
von Seidlein 2003 GMB {published data only}
    1. De Martin S, Seidlein L, Deen JL, Pinder M, Walraven G, Greenwood B. Community perceptions of a mass administration of an antimalarial drug combination in The Gambia. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2001;6(6):442-8.
    1. Seidlein L, Walraven G, Milligan PJ, Alexander N, Manneh F, Deen JL, et al. The effect of mass administration of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combined with artesunate on malaria incidence: a double-blind, community-randomized, placebo-controlled trial in The Gambia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 2003;97(2):217-25.
von Seidlein 2019 VNM {published and unpublished data}
    1. Seidlein L, Peto TJ, Landier J, Nguyen TN, Tripura R, Phommasone K, et al. The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in South-East Asia: a cluster randomised trial. PLoS Medicine 2019;16(2):e1002745.
References to studies excluded from this review Affane 2012 COM {unpublished data only}
    1. Chakir I, Said AI, Affane B, Jambou R. Control of malaria in the Comoro Islands over the past century. Malaria Journal 2017;16(1):387. [DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2027-1]
Aregawi 2016 SLE {published data only}
    1. Aregawi M, Smith SJ, Sillah-Kanu M, Seppeh J, Kamara AR, Williams RO, et al. Impact of the mass drug administration for malaria in response to the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone. Malaria Journal 2016;15:480.
Deng 2018 COM {published data only}
    1. Deng C, Huang B, Wang Q, Wu W, Zheng S, Zhang H, et al. Large-scale artemisinin–piperaquine mass drug administration with or without primaquine dramatically reduces malaria in a highly endemic region of Africa. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2018;67(11):1670-6.
Escudie 1961 BFA {published data only}
    1. Escudie A, Hamon J, Ricosse JH, Chartol A. Result of two years of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis in rural Africa in the pilot area of ​​Bobo-Dioulasso (Haute Volta) [Resultat de deux annees de chimioprophylaxie antipaludique en milieu rural africain dans la zone-pilote de Bobo-Dioulasso (Haute-Volta)]. Medecine Tropicale 1961;21(Numero special):689-728.
Fraser 2020 ZMB {published data only}
    1. Fraser M, Miller JM, Silumbe K, Hainsworth M, Mudenda M, Hamainza B, et al. Evaluating the impact of programmatic mass drug administration for malaria in Zambia using routine incidence data. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020 July 21 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa434]
Galatas 2020 MOZ {published data only}
    1. Aide P, Candrinho B, Galatas B, Munguambe K, Guinovart C, Luis F, et al. Setting the scene and generating evidence for malaria elimination in Southern Mozambique. Malaria Journal 2019;18(1):190. [DOI: ]
    1. Galatas B, Saúte F, Martí-Soler H, Guinovart C, Nhamussua L, Simone W, et al. A multiphase program for malaria elimination in southern Mozambique (the Magude project): A before-after study. PLoS Medicine 2020;17(8):e1003227.
Jones 1958 KEN {published data only}
    1. Jones SA. Mass treatment with pyrimethamine: a study of resistance and cross resistance resulting from a field trial in the hyperendemic malarious area of Makueni, Kenya. September 1952-September 1953. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1958;52(6):547-61.
Kagaya 2019 KEN {published data only}
    1. Kagaya W, Chan C, Gitaka J, Kongere J, Idris Z, Deng C, et al. The impact of mass drug administration on submicroscopic malaria infection: A pilot study on Ngodhe Island in Lake Victoria, Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2017;97(5 Supplement 1):101.
    1. Kagaya W, Gitaka J, Chan CW, Kongere J, Idris ZM, Deng C, et al. Malaria resurgence after significant reduction by mass drug administration on Ngodhe Island, Kenya. Scientific Reports 2019;9(1):19060.
Kaneko 2000 VUT {published data only}
    1. Kaneko A, Chan C, Isozumi R, Kalkoa M, Chaves LF, Watanabe N, et al. Sustainable malaria elimination on Aneityum Island, Vanuatu, 1991-2014. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2014;91(5 Supplement 1):197.
    1. Kaneko A, Chan C, Taleo G, Watanabe N, Kalkoa M, Iamar S, et al. Community-directed malaria freedom on Aneityum Island, Vanuatu, 1991-2014. Malaria Journal 2014;13(Supplement 1):P50.
    1. Kaneko A, Taleo G, Kalkoa M, Yamar S, Kobayakawa T, Bjorkman A. Malaria eradication on islands. Lancet 2000;356(9241):1560-4.
Landier 2017 MMRb {published data only}
    1. Landier J, Parker DM, Thu AM, Kajeechiwa L, Twin MM, Proux S, et al. Relative contribution of generalized early diagnosis and treatment and of targeted mass treatment to elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Eastern Myanmar. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2016;95(5 Supplement 1):381.
    1. Landier J, Parker DM, Thu AM, Lwin KM, Delmas G, Nosten FH, et al. Effect of generalised access to early diagnosis and treatment and targeted mass drug administration on Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Eastern Myanmar: an observational study of a regional elimination programme. Lancet 2018;391(10133):1916-26.
    1. Parker DM, Landier J, Thu AM, Lwin KM, Delmas G, Nosten FH, et al. Scale up of a Plasmodium falciparum elimination program and surveillance system in Kayin State, Myanmar (study protocol: version 2). Wellcome Open Research 2017;2:98.
Mwesigwa 2018 GMB {published and unpublished data}
    1. Mwesigwa J, Achan J, Affara M, Sainey C, Worwui A, Grietens KP, et al. Impact of mass drug administration with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine on malaria transmission in a highly seasonal transmission setting in the Gambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2016;95 (5 Supplement 1):1218.
    1. Mwesigwa J, Achan J, Affara M, Wathuo M, Worwui A, Muhommed N, et al. Mass drug administration with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and malaria transmission dynamics in The Gambia - a prospective cohort study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2018;69(2):278–86. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy870]
    1. Mwesigwa J, Achan J, Worwui A, Van Geertruyden J, D’Alessandro U. Impact of two annual cycles of mass drug administration on temporal trends of clinical malaria. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2017;97(5 Supplement 1):411.
Najera 1973 NGA {published data only}
    1. Najera JA, Shidrawi GR, Storey J, Lietaert PE. Mass drug administration and DDT indoor-spraying as antimalarial measures in the northern savanna of Nigeria. World Health Organization 1973;73(817):1-34.
Singh 1953 IND {published data only}
    1. Singh J, Misra BG, Ray AP. Suppressive treatment with amodiaquin. Indian Journal of Malariology 1953;7(1):27-31.
References to studies awaiting assessment El‐Sayed SDN {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00646126. Antimalarial treatments for clearing low density P. falciparum and its impact on malaria transmission. (first received 28 March 2008).
Song TGO {unpublished data only}
    1. ChiCTR-POC-16009019. Protocol of study on the therapeutic tolerability of Artequick/Femse/Togo. (first received 13 August 2016).
Additional references Alonso 2017
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Bhatt 2015
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Brady 2017
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Chaccour 2010
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de Souza 2021
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Edwards 2000
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Eisele 2019
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Source: PubMed

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