Diabetic nephropathy among Mexican Americans

Subrata Debnath, Farook Thameem, Tahira Alves, Jacqueline Nolen, Hania Al-Shahrouri, Shweta Bansal, Hanna E Abboud, Paolo Fanti, Subrata Debnath, Farook Thameem, Tahira Alves, Jacqueline Nolen, Hania Al-Shahrouri, Shweta Bansal, Hanna E Abboud, Paolo Fanti

Abstract

The incidence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is growing rapidly worldwide as a consequence of the rising prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Among U.S. ethnic groups, Mexican Americans have a disproportionately high incidence and prevalence of DN and associated end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In communities bordering Mexico, as many as 90% of Mexican American patients with ESRD also suffer from T2DM compared to only 50% of non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). Both socio-economic factors and genetic predisposition appear to have a strong influence on this association. In addition, certain pathogenetic and clinical features of T2DM and DN are different in Mexican Americans compared to NHW, raising questions as to whether the diagnostic and treatment strategies that are standard practice in the NHW patient population may not be applicable in Mexican Americans. This article reviews the epidemiology of DN in Mexican Americans, describes the pathophysiology and associated risk factors, and identifies gaps in our knowledge and understanding that needs to be addressed by future investigations.

References

    1. Tiwari SC Studies of crossing between Indians and Europeans. Ann Hum Genet. 1963; 26: 219–227.
    1. U.S. Census Bureau. Hispanic Heritage Month 2009, in Facts for Features, U.S.C.B. News, Editor. Washington, D.C.2009.
    1. Palmer Alves T Lewis J Racial differences in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States: a social and economic dilemma. Clin Nephrol. 2010; 74: S72–S77.
    1. Office of Management and Budget. Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. 1997 Federal Register Notice, October 30, 1997 cited; Available from: 1997;
    1. Office of Extramural Research. O. NIH Policy on reporting race and ethnicity data: Subjects in clinical research. 2001 August 8, 2001 cited; Available from: 2001;
    1. Stern MP Mitchell BD Diabetes in Hispanic Americans, U.S.D.o.H.a.H. Services, Editor. The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC); 1995; p. 631-660.
    1. Narayan KM Boyle JP Thompson TJ Sorensen SW Williamson DF Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 2003; 290: 1884–1890.
    1. Haffner SM Hazuda HP Mitchell BD Patterson JK Stern MP Increased incidence of Type II diabetes mellitus in Mexican Americans. Diabetes Care. 1991; 14: 102–108.
    1. Flegal KM Ezzati TM Harris MI et al.Prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984, in Diabetes Care. 1991; p. 628-638.
    1. Harris MI Flegal KM Cowie CC Eberhardt MS Goldstein DE Little RR Wiedmeyer HM Byrd-Holt DD Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21: 518–524.
    1. Black SA Ray LA Markides KS The prevalence and health burden of self-reported diabetes in older Mexican Americans: findings from the Hispanic established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Am J Public Health. 1999; 89: 546–552.
    1. Mitchell BD Stern MP Haffner SM Hazuda HP Patterson JK Risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. San Antonio Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1990; 131: 423–433.
    1. Hamman RF Marshall JA Baxter J Kahn LB Mayer EJ Orleans M Murphy JR Lezotte DC Methods and prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a biethnic Colorado population. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1989; 129: 295–311.
    1. Lindeman RD Romero LJ Hundley R Allen AS Liang HC Baumgartner RN Koehler KM Schade DS Garry PJ Prevalences of type 2 diabetes, the insulin resistance syndrome, and coronary heart disease in an elderly, biethnic population. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21: 959–966.
    1. Pugh JA Stern MP Haffner SM Eifler CW Zapata M Excess incidence of treatment of end-stage renal disease in Mexican Americans. Am J Epidemiol. 1988; 127: 135–144.
    1. Haffner SM Mitchell BD Pugh JA Stern MP Kozlowski MK Hazuda HP Patterson JK Klein R Proteinuria in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1989; 12: 530–536.
    1. Harris MI Racial and ethnic differences in health care access and health outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24: 454–459.
    1. Sievers ML Fisher JR Diabetes in North American Indians., U.S.D.o.H.a.H. Services, Editor. National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service; 1985; p. 72.
    1. Gardner LI Stern MP Haffner SM Gaskill SP Hazuda HP Relethford JH Eifler CW Prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans. Relationship to percent of gene pool derived from native American sources. Diabetes. 1984; 33: 86–92.
    1. Nelson RG Bennett PH Beck GJ Tan M Knowler WC Mitch WE Hirschman GH Myers BD Development and progression of renal disease in Pima Indians with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335: 1636–1642.
    1. Kunzelman CL Knowler WC Pettitt DJ Bennett PH Incidence of proteinuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians. Kidney Int. 1989; 35: 681–687.
    1. Zhang J Markides KS Lee DJ Health status of diabetic Mexican Americans: results from the Hispanic HANES. Ethn Dis. 1991; 1: 273–279.
    1. Coresh J Selvin E Stevens LA Manzi J Kusek JW Eggers P Van Lente F Levey AS Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007; 298: 2038–2047.
    1. Otiniano ME Black SA Ray LA Du X Markides KS Correlates of diabetic complications in Mexican-American elders. Ethn Dis. 2002; 12: 252–258.
    1. Coresh J Byrd-Holt D Astor BC Briggs JP Eggers PW Lacher DA Hostetter TH Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence, and trends among U.S. adults, 1999 to 2000. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 180–188.
    1. Mattix HJ Hsu CY Shaykevich S Curhan G Use of the albumin/creatinine ratio to detect microalbuminuria: implications of sex and race. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002; 13: 1034–1039.
    1. Garza R Medina R Basu S Pugh JA Predictors of the rate of renal function decline in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Nephrol. 1997; 17: 59–67.
    1. Ismail-Beigi F Craven T Banerji MA Basile J Calles J Cohen RM Cuddihy R Cushman WC Genuth S Grimm RH Hamilton BP Hoogwerf B Karl D Katz L Krikorian A O’Connor P Pop-Busui R Schubart U Simmons D Taylor H Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet. 2010; 376: 419–430.
    1. Bakris GL Williams M Dworkin L Elliott WJ Epstein M Toto R Tuttle K Douglas J Hsueh W Sowers J Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000; 36: 646–661.
    1. Garg AX Kiberd BA Clark WF Haynes RB Clase CM Albuminuria and renal insufficiency prevalence guides population screening: results from the NHANES III. Kidney Int. 2002; 61: 2165–2175.
    1. Parving HH Lewis JB Ravid M Remuzzi G Hunsicker LG Prevalence and risk factors for microalbuminuria in a referred cohort of type II diabetic patients: a global perspective. Kidney Int. 2006; 69: 2057–2063.
    1. Thomas MC Macisaac RJ Jerums G Weekes A Moran J Shaw JE Atkins RC Nonalbuminuric renal impairment in type 2 diabetic patients and in the general population (national evaluation of the frequency of renal impairment co-existing with NIDDM (NEFRON) 11). Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 1497–1502.
    1. Tonelli M Jose P Curhan G Sacks F Braunwald E Pfeffer M Proteinuria, impaired kidney function, and adverse outcomes in people with coronary disease: analysis of a previously conducted randomised trial. BMJ. 2006; 332: 1426.
    1. U.S. Renal Data System. Incidence and Prevalence. National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Bethesda, MD; 2009. ; p. 231-240.
    1. U.S. Renal Data System. Incidence and Prevalence, in Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. 2010, National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Bethesda, MD: 2010; p. 253-266.
    1. Pugh JA Medina RA Cornell JC Basu S NIDDM is the major cause of diabetic end-stage renal disease. More evidence from a tri-ethnic community. Diabetes. 1995; 44: 1375–1380.
    1. U.S. Renal Data System. Incidence and Prevalence, in Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. National Institute of Health , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Bethesda, MD: 2006; p. 231-240.
    1. U.S. Renal Data System. A. Incidence of reported ESRD, in Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Bethesda, MD: 2009; p. 429-452.
    1. Murthy BV Molony DA Stack AG Survival advantage of Hispanic patients initiating dialysis in the United States is modified by race. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: 782–790.
    1. Pugh JA Tuley MR Basu S Survival among Mexican-Americans, non-Hispanic whites, and African-Americans with end-stage renal disease: the emergence of a minority pattern of increased incidence and prolonged survival. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994; 23: 803–807.
    1. Frankenfield DL Rocco MV Roman SH McClellan WM Survival advantage for adult Hispanic hemodialysis patients? Findings from the end-stage renal disease clinical performance measures project. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14: 180–186.
    1. Frankenfield DL Krishnan SM Ashby VB Shearon TH Rocco MV Saran R Differences in mortality among Mexican-American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban-American dialysis patients in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 647–657.
    1. Ricks J Molnar MZ Kovesdy CP Kopple JD Norris KC Mehrotra R Nissenson AR Arah OA Greenland S Kalantar-Zadeh K Racial and ethnic differences in the association of body mass index and survival in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011; 58: 574–582.
    1. Kalantar-Zadeh K Kopple JD Kilpatrick RD McAllister CJ Shinaberger CS Gjertson DW Greenland S Association of morbid obesity and weight change over time with cardiovascular survival in hemodialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 46: 489–500.
    1. Pugh JA Diabetic nephropathy and end-stage renal disease in Mexican Americans. Blood Purif. 1996; 14: 286–292.
    1. Brorsson C Pociot F Genetics of diabetic nephropathy in diverse ethnic groups. Contrib Nephrol. 2011; 170: 8–18.
    1. Freedman BI Bostrom M Daeihagh P Bowden DW Genetic factors in diabetic nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 2: 1306–1316.
    1. Knowler WC Coresh J Elston RC Freedman BI Iyengar SK Kimmel PL Olson JM Plaetke R Sedor JR Seldin MF The Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND): design and methods. J Diabetes Complications. 2005; 19: 1–9.
    1. Puppala S Arya R Thameem F Arar NH Bhandari K Lehman DM Schneider J Fowler S Farook VS Diego VP Almasy L Blangero J Stern MP Duggirala R Abboud HE Genotype by diabetes interaction effects on the detection of linkage of glomerular filtration rate to a region on chromosome 2q in Mexican Americans. Diabetes. 2007; 56: 2818–2828.
    1. MacCluer JW Stern MP Almasy L Atwood LA Blangero J Comuzzie AG Dyke B Haffner SM Henkel RD Hixson JE Kammerer CM Mahaney MC Mitchell BD Rainwater DL Samollow PB Sharp RM VandeBerg JL Williams JT Genetics of atherosclerosis risk factors in Mexican Americans. Nutr Rev. 1999; 57: 59–65.
    1. Ezzati TM Massey JT Waksberg J Chu A Maurer KR Sample design: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Vital Health Stat 2. 1992; 1–35.
    1. Iyengar SK Abboud HE Goddard KA Saad MF Adler SG Arar NH Bowden DW Duggirala R Elston RC Hanson RL Ipp E Kao WH Kimmel PL Klag MJ Knowler WC Meoni LA Nelson RG Nicholas SB Pahl MV Parekh RS Genome-wide scans for diabetic nephropathy and albuminuria in multiethnic populations: the family investigation of nephropathy and diabetes (FIND). Diabetes. 2007; 56: 1577–1585.
    1. Schelling JR Abboud HE Nicholas SB Pahl MV Sedor JR Adler SG Arar NH Bowden DW Elston RC Freedman BI Goddard KA Guo X Hanson RL Ipp E Iyengar SK Jun G Kao WH Kasinath BS Kimmel PL Klag MJ Genome-wide scan for estimated glomerular filtration rate in multi-ethnic diabetic populations: the Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND). Diabetes. 2008; 57: 235–243.
    1. Bhandari KDR Genome-wide search for albuminuria susceptibility genes in Mexican Americans. Diabetes. 2001; 50: A240–A241.
    1. Lehman DM Leach RJ Johnson-Pais T Hamlington J Fowler S Almasy L Duggirala R Stern MP Abboud HE Evaluation of tight junction protein 1 encoding zona occludens 1 as a candidate gene for albuminuria in a Mexican American population. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006; 114: 432–437.
    1. Thameem F He X Voruganti VS Nath SD Fanti P Blangero J Maccluer JW Comuzzie AG Arar NH Abboud HE Evaluation of polymorphisms in paraoxonase 2 (PON2) gene and their association with cardiovascular-renal disease risk in Mexican Americans. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2009; 32: 200–204.
    1. Arar N Nath S Thameem F Bauer R Voruganti S Comuzzie A Cole S Blangero J MacCluer J Abboud H Genome-wide scans for microalbuminuria in Mexican Americans: the San Antonio Family Heart Study. Genet Med. 2007; 9: 80–87.
    1. Arar NH Voruganti VS Nath SD Thameem F Bauer R Cole SA Blangero J MacCluer JW Comuzzie AG Abboud HE A genome-wide search for linkage to chronic kidney disease in a community-based sample: the SAFHS. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008; 23: 3184–3191.
    1. Chu AY Parekh RS Astor BC Coresh J Berthier-Schaad Y Smith MW Shuldiner AR Kao WH Association of APOE polymorphism with chronic kidney disease in a nationally representative sample: a Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Genetic Study. BMC Med Genet. 2009; 10: 108.
    1. Kim S Abboud HE Pahl MV Tayek J Snyder S Tamkin J Alcorn H Ipp E Nast CC Elston RC Iyengar SK Adler SG Examination of association with candidate genes for diabetic nephropathy in a Mexican American population. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 5: 1072–1078.
    1. Cox NJ Frigge M Nicolae DL Concannon P Hanis CL Bell GI Kong A Loci on chromosomes 2 (NIDDM1) and 15 interact to increase susceptibility to diabetes in Mexican Americans. Nat Genet. 1999; 21: 213–215.
    1. Parra EJ Below JE Krithika S Valladares A Barta JL Cox NJ Hanis CL Wacher N Garcia-Mena J Hu P Shriver MD Kumate J McKeigue PM Escobedo J Cruz M Genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in a sample from Mexico City and a meta-analysis of a Mexican-American sample from Starr County, Texas. Diabetologia. 2011; 54: 2038–2046.
    1. Below JE Gamazon ER Morrison JV Konkashbaev A Pluzhnikov A McKeigue PM Parra EJ Elbein SC Hallman DM Nicolae DL Bell GI Cruz M Cox NJ Hanis CL Genome-wide association and meta-analysis in populations from Starr County, Texas, and Mexico City identify type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci and enrichment for expression quantitative trait loci in top signals. Diabetologia. 2011; 54: 2047–2055.
    1. Hayes MG Pluzhnikov A Miyake K Sun Y Ng MC Roe CA Below JE Nicolae RI Konkashbaev A Bell GI Cox NJ Hanis CL Identification of type 2 diabetes genes in Mexican Americans through genome-wide association studies. Diabetes. 2007; 56: 3033–3044.
    1. del Bosque-Plata L Aguilar-Salinas CA Tusié-Luna MT Ramírez-Jiménez S Rodríguez-Torres M Aurón-Gómez M Ramírez E Velasco-Pérez ML Ramírez-Silva A Gómez-Pérez F Hanis CL Tsuchiya T Yoshiuchi I Cox NJ Bell GI Association of the calpain-10 gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Mexican population. Mol Genet Metab. 2004; 81: 122–126.
    1. Hanis CL Boerwinkle E Chakraborty R Ellsworth DL Concannon P Stirling B Morrison VA Wapelhorst B Spielman RS Gogolin-Ewens KJ Shepard JM Williams SR Risch N Hinds D Iwasaki N Ogata M Omori Y Petzold C Rietzch H Schröder HE A genome-wide search for human non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 2. Nat Genet. 1996; 13: 161–166.
    1. Wang J Geiss LS Cheng YJ Imperatore G Saydah SH James C Gregg EW Long-term and recent progress in blood pressure levels among U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes, 1988-2008. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34: 1579–1581.
    1. Ostchega Y Yoon SS Hughes J et al.Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control--continued disparities in adults: United States, 2005-2006. NCHS Data Brief, 2008; (3). p. 1-8.
    1. Haffner SM Mitchell BD Stern MP Hazuda HP Macrovascular complications in Mexican Americans with type II diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1991; 14: 665–671.
    1. Haffner SM Morales PA Gruber MK Hazuda HP Stern MP Cardiovascular risk factors in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects with microalbuminuria. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993; 13: 205–210.
    1. Cowie CC Harris MI Physical and Metabolic Characteristics of Persons with Diabetes, U.S.D.o.H.a.H. Services, Editor. The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC); 1995; p. 117-164.
    1. Geiss LS Rolka DB Engelgau MM Elevated blood pressure among U.S. adults with diabetes, 1988-1994. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 22: 42–48.
    1. Saad MF Lillioja S Nyomba BL Castillo C Ferraro R De Gregorio M Ravussin E Knowler WC Bennett PH Howard BV Bogardus C Racial differences in the relation between blood pressure and insulin resistance. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324: 733–739.
    1. Saad MF Knowler WC Pettitt DJ Nelson RG Mott DM Bennett PH Insulin and hypertension. Relationship to obesity and glucose intolerance in Pima Indians. Diabetes. 1990; 39: 1430–1435.
    1. Satish S Markides KS Zhang D Goodwin JS Factors influencing unawareness of hypertension among older Mexican Americans. Prev Med. 1997; 26: 645–650.
    1. Satish S Stroup-Benham CA Espino DV Markides KS Goodwin JS Undertreatment of hypertension in older Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998; 46: 405–410.
    1. Burt VL Whelton P Roccella EJ Brown C Cutler JA Higgins M Horan MJ Labarthe D Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension. 1995; 25: 305–313.
    1. Fischer MJ Go AS Lora CM Ackerson L Cohan J Kusek JW Mercado A Ojo A Ricardo AC Rosen LK Tao K Xie D Feldman HI Lash JP CKD in Hispanics: Baseline characteristics from the CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) and Hispanic-CRIC Studies. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011; 58: 214–227.
    1. Strippoli GF Bonifati C Craig M Navaneethan SD Craig JC Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists for preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; CD006257.
    1. Ravera M Ratto E Vettoretti S Parodi D Deferrari G Prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy: the program for irbesartan mortality and morbidity evaluation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16: S48–S52.
    1. Barnett AH Preventing renal complications in diabetic patients: the diabetics exposed to telmisartan and enalaprIL (DETAIL) study. Acta Diabetol. 2005; 42: S42–S49.
    1. Raji MA Kuo YF Salazar JA Satish S Goodwin JS Ethnic differences in antihypertensive medication use in the elderly. Ann Pharmacother. 2004; 38: 209–214.
    1. Kramer H Han C Post W Goff D Diez-Roux A Cooper R Jinagouda S Shea S Racial/ethnic differences in hypertension and hypertension treatment and control in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Hypertens. 2004; 17: 963–970.
    1. Gu Q Paulose-Ram R Dillon C Burt V Antihypertensive medication use among US adults with hypertension. Circulation. 2006; 113: 213–221.
    1. de Zeeuw D Ramjit D Zhang Z Ribeiro AB Kurokawa K Lash JP Chan J Remuzzi G Brenner BM Shahinfar S Renal risk and renoprotection among ethnic groups with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a post hoc analysis of RENAAL. Kidney Int. 2006; 69: 1675–1682.
    1. Coleman CI Baker WL Kluger J et al.Comparative effectiveness of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers added to standard medical therapy for treating stable ischemic heart disease. University of Connecticut/Hartford Hospital Evidence-based Practice Center; 2009.;
    1. Kawazu S Tomono S Shimizu M Kato N Ohno T Ishii C Murata K Watanabe T Negishi K Suzuki M Takahashi M Ishii J The relationship between early diabetic nephropathy and control of plasma glucose in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The effect of glycemic control on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in an 8-year follow-up study. J Diabetes Complications. 1994; 8: 13–17.
    1. Levin SR Coburn JW Abraira C Henderson WG Colwell JA Emanuele NV Nuttall FQ Sawin CT Comstock JP Silbert CK Effect of intensive glycemic control on microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Glycemic Control and Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Feasibility Trial Investigators. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23: 1478–1485.
    1. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 977–986.
    1. Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. JAMA. 2003; 290: 2159–2167.
    1. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998; 352: 837–853.
    1. Gaede P Vedel P Larsen N Jensen GV Parving HH Pedersen O Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 383–393.
    1. Harris MI Epidemiological correlates of NIDDM in Hispanics, whites, and blacks in the U.S. population. Diabetes Care. 1991; 14: 639–648.
    1. West SK Klein R Rodriguez J Muñoz B Broman AT Sanchez R Snyder R Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in a Mexican-American population: Proyecto VER. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24: 1204–1209.
    1. Brown AF Gerzoff RB Karter AJ Gregg E Safford M Waitzfelder B Beckles GL Brusuelas R Mangione CM Health behaviors and quality of care among Latinos with diabetes in managed care. Am J Public Health. 2003; 93: 1694–1698.
    1. Harris MI Eastman RC Cowie CC Flegal KM Eberhardt MS Racial and ethnic differences in glycemic control of adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22: 403–408.
    1. Hertz RP Unger AN Ferrario CM Diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Am J Prev Med. 2006; 30: 103–110.
    1. Bonds DE Zaccaro DJ Karter AJ Selby JV Saad M Goff DC Ethnic and racial differences in diabetes care: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26: 1040–1046.
    1. Mainous AG Diaz VA Koopman RJ Everett CJ Quality of care for Hispanic adults with diabetes. Fam Med. 2007; 39: 351–356.
    1. Saaddine JB Engelgau MM Beckles GL Gregg EW Thompson TJ Narayan KM A diabetes report card for the United States: quality of care in the 1990s. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 136: 565–574.
    1. Saaddine JB Cadwell B Gregg EW Engelgau MM Vinicor F Imperatore G Narayan KM Improvements in diabetes processes of care and intermediate outcomes: United States, 1988-2002. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144: 465–474.
    1. Ravid M Brosh D Ravid-Safran D Levy Z Rachmani R Main risk factors for nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus are plasma cholesterol levels, mean blood pressure, and hyperglycemia. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158: 998–1004.
    1. Sharma MD Pavlik VN Dyslipidaemia in African Americans, Hispanics and whites with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2001; 3: 41–45.
    1. Goff DC Bertoni AG Kramer H Bonds D Blumenthal RS Tsai MY Psaty BM Dyslipidemia prevalence, treatment, and control in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): gender, ethnicity, and coronary artery calcium. Circulation. 2006; 113: 647–656.
    1. Gall MA Hougaard P Borch-Johnsen K Parving HH Risk factors for development of incipient and overt diabetic nephropathy in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: prospective, observational study. BMJ. 1997; 314: 783–788.
    1. Kramer H Reboussin D Bertoni AG Marcovina S Lipkin E Greenway FL Brancati FL Obesity and albuminuria among adults with type 2 diabetes: the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) Study. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 851–853.
    1. Afshinnia F Wilt TJ Duva S et al.Weight loss and proteinuria: systematic review of clinical trials and comparative cohorts. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;
    1. Cueto-Manzano AM Cortes-Sanabria L Martinez-Ramirez HR Rojas-Campos E Barragan G Alfaro G Flores J Anaya M Canales-Munoz JL Detection of early nephropathy in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int Suppl. 2005; 68: S40–S45.
    1. Haffner SM Mitchell BD Stern MP Hazuda HP Patterson JK Public health significance of upper body adiposity for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Mexican Americans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992; 16: 177–184.
    1. Wei M Gaskill SP Haffner SM Stern MP Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americans – a 7-year prospective study. Obes Res. 1997; 5: 16–23.
    1. Monterrosa AE Haffner SM Stern MP Hazuda HP Sex difference in lifestyle factors predictive of diabetes in Mexican-Americans. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18: 448–456.
    1. Haffner SM Hyperinsulinemia as a possible etiology for the high prevalence of non insulin dependent diabetes in Mexican Americans. Diabete Metab. 1987; 13: 337–344.
    1. Haffner SM Stern MP Hazuda HP Pugh JA Patterson JK Hyperinsulinemia in a population at high risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1986; 315: 220–224.
    1. Haffner SM Miettinen H Stern MP Insulin secretion and resistance in nondiabetic Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites with a parental history of diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81: 1846–1851.
    1. Gulli G Ferrannini E Stern M Haffner S DeFronzo RA The metabolic profile of NIDDM is fully established in glucose-tolerant offspring of two Mexican-American NIDDM parents. Diabetes. 1992; 41: 1575–1586.
    1. Belfiore F Iannello S Reduced insulin sensitivity in Mexican-Americans from San Antonio with elevated incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with Mexicans from Mexico City. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25: 937–938 , author reply 938-939..
    1. Burke JP Williams K Haffner SM Villalpando CG Stern MP Elevated incidence of type 2 diabetes in San Antonio, Texas, compared with that of Mexico City, Mexico. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24: 1573–1578.
    1. Finkelstein J Joshi A Hise MK Association of physical activity and renal function in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome: a review of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am J Kidney Dis. 2006; 48: 372–382.
    1. Kuo YF Raji MA Markides KS Ray LA Espino DV Goodwin JS Inconsistent use of diabetes medications, diabetes complications, and mortality in older mexican americans over a 7-year period: data from the Hispanic established population for the epidemiologic study of the elderly. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26: 3054–3060.
    1. Johnson L Strich H Taylor A Timmermann B Malone D Teufel-Shone N Drummond R Woosley R Pereira E Martinez A Use of herbal remedies by diabetic Hispanic women in the southwestern United States. Phytother Res. 2006; 20: 250–255.
    1. Ortiz BI Shields KM Clauson KA Clay PG Complementary and alternative medicine use among Hispanics in the United States. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41: 994–1004.
    1. Hunt LM Arar NH Akana LL Herbs, prayer, and insulin. Use of medical and alternative treatments by a group of Mexican American diabetes patients. J Fam Pract. 2000; 49: 216–223.
    1. Noel PH Pugh JA Larme AC Marsh G The use of traditional plant medicines for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in South Texas. Phytother Res. 1997; 11: 512–517
    1. Poss JE Jezewski MA Stuart AG Home remedies for type 2 diabetes used by Mexican Americans in El Paso, Texas. Clin Nurs Res. 2003; 12: 304–323.
    1. Bell RA Suerken CK Grzywacz JG Lang W Quandt SA Arcury TA Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults with diabetes in the United States. Altern Ther Health Med. 2006; 12: 16–22.
    1. Garrow D Egede LE National patterns and correlates of complementary and alternative medicine use in adults with diabetes. J Altern Complement Med. 2006; 12: 895–902.
    1. Egede LE Ye X Zheng D Silverstein MD The prevalence and pattern of complementary and alternative medicine use in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25: 324–329.
    1. Markell MS Potential benefits of complementary medicine modalities in patients with chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2005; 12: 292–299.
    1. Dröge W Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev. 2002; 82: 47–95.
    1. West IC Radicals and oxidative stress in diabetes. Diabet Med. 2000; 17: 171–180.
    1. Rösen P Nawroth PP King G Möller W Tritschler HJ Packer L The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: a summary of a Congress Series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBN, the American Diabetes Association and the German Diabetes Society. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2001; 17: 189–212
    1. Evans JL Maddux BA Goldfine ID The molecular basis for oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005; 7: 1040–1052.
    1. Parving HH Mauer M Ritz E Diabetic Nephropathy In: Brenner B.M. Levine S.A. , Editors. Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney, Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA; 2008. p. 1265-1298.
    1. Stoddard P He G Vijayaraghavan M Schillinger D Disparities in undiagnosed diabetes among United States-Mexico border populations. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010; 28: 198–206.
    1. Lanting LC Joung IM Mackenbach JP Lamberts SW Bootsma AH Ethnic differences in mortality, end-stage complications, and quality of care among diabetic patients: a review. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: 2280–2288.
    1. Cowie CC Eberhardt MS Sociodemographic Characteristics of Persons with Diabetes, U.S.D.o.H.a.H. Services, Editor. The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC); 1995. p. 85-116.
    1. Merriam PA Tellez TL Rosal MC Olendzki BC Ma Y Pagoto SL Ockene IS Methodology of a diabetes prevention translational research project utilizing a community-academic partnership for implementation in an underserved Latino community. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2009; 9: 20.
    1. Teufel-Shone NI Drummond R Rawiel U Developing and adapting a family-based diabetes program at the U.S.-Mexico border. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005; 2: A20.
    1. Correa-Rotter R González-Michaca L Early detection and prevention of diabetic nephropathy: a challenge calling for mandatory action for Mexico and the developing world. Kidney Int Suppl. 2005; 68: S69–S75.
    1. Thameem F Puppala S He X et al.Evaluation of gremlin 1 (GREM1) as a candidate susceptibility gene for albiminuria-related traits in Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2009; 58: 1496-1502.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores y Colaboradores

Condiciones médicas

Intervenciones de drogas

3
Suscribir